心肌致密化不全研究进展
2016-01-31刘双,王明宇,孙健
心肌致密化不全研究进展
刘双王明宇孙健
(吉林大学第一医院心内科,吉林长春130021)
〔关键词〕心肌疾病; 心力衰竭; 心肌致密化不全
心肌致密化不全(NVM)标志性特点是:心室壁内层突起的肌小梁、深陷隐窝,外层致密化心肌变薄〔1〕,可有心功能不全、心律失常及血栓栓塞等临床表现。1984年该病被认为是子宫内胚胎发育过程中心脏血窦退化异常〔2〕。1990 年 Chin 等〔3〕认识到该病为一种“心肌病”,并归因于胚胎时期心肌致密化过程停滞。因此,1996年世界卫生组织和国际心脏病学会(WHO/ISFC)工作组将该病纳入心肌病中并归类于“未定型心肌病”〔4〕。基于基因组和分子定位研究的深入,美国心脏病协会(AHA)于2006年3月正式将该病定为“原发性遗传性心肌病”〔5〕。随着人们认识的提高及影像学技术及分子遗传学的发展,NVM的报道已经不再限于儿童,越来越多成人NVM患者被发现。由于NVM主要累及左心室,因此经常称为左心室心肌致密化不全(LVNC)。该病也可合并其他先天性心脏畸形,不合并的称孤立性VNM(INVM)。
1流行病学
据国外调查发现,在普通患者超声心动图筛查中,0.014%~0.032%患者可诊断为NVM〔6〕。在心力衰竭患者中3%~4%可诊断为NVM〔7〕;从新生儿到老年人均可发病,确诊的平均年龄在45岁左右,男性发病率比女性高〔8〕。国内还未对NVM进行全面的流行病学调查。随着影像学技术及基因遗传学检测的不断发展,NVM的发病率可能会逐年提高。
2遗传学
家族遗传倾向为NVM的一个显著特点,调查发现12%~50%的NVM患者有遗传史,目前20余种可导致NVM的相关基因被发现,常染色体显性遗传在NVM患者中多见〔9〕。最近有报道NVM发病与人肌球蛋白重链7(MYH7)基因突变导致胚胎时期心肌致密化程停止相关〔10〕。其他先天性心脏畸形也在NVM患者中发现,如Ebstein畸形、紫绀型心脏病〔9〕或右冠状动脉动脉瘤-左心室瘘〔11〕,还有合并病毒性心肌炎的报道〔12〕。
3发病机制
胚胎期,原始心肌壁是由肌小梁组成的疏松网状结构,小梁间隙形成窦道连通心室腔,因血液在其中流通为心肌供血故称为血窦。胚胎发育至第5~6 w,冠状动脉形成并替代血窦为心肌细胞供血,心肌壁也开启致密化过程,疏松网状结构被压实,原始血窦被压缩成毛细血管形组成了冠脉的微循环系统。致密化顺序是由心外膜至心内膜,由基底段至心尖部,由间隔段至侧壁,由右室至左室〔13〕。最后完成致密化的部位是左室心尖部,这就是NVM好发于左室心尖部及其相邻的侧壁和下壁的原因。NVM的发生是胚胎发育时期心肌致密化过程的失败,网状肌小梁及间隙持续留存,形成了心腔内异常粗大的肌小梁及期间深陷的隐窝,隐窝与心室腔相通。遗传基因缺陷以及环境因素均可使心肌致密化过程受阻继而导致孤立性NVM;非孤立性NVM因伴随流出道梗阻或冠状动脉畸形,为适应心室腔内增大的压力负荷及心肌明显的缺血缺氧,而出现了致密化过程的停滞,使得与心室相通的隐窝得以留存〔14〕。
4病理组织改变
NVM患者在病理上以心脏扩大、心肌质量增加为主,一般不影响冠状动脉血流。心室壁外层占1/3的为较薄的致密化心肌,内层占2/3的为较厚的非致密化心肌,非致密化心肌由肌小梁及其间深陷的隐窝组成,隐窝与心室腔相交通但不与冠脉循环相交通。组织学上孤立性与非孤立性NVM相同,心内膜下纤维组织增生明显,心肌组织纤维化及瘢痕形成。乳头肌发育差以往被认为是NVM的诊断依据〔15〕,严重的NVM表现为乳头肌消失只见广泛的网状肌小梁,或呈交错的小肌肉束,也有表现为多个粗糙的肌小梁突向心腔(类似多乳头肌)。
5临床表现
NVM可在各年龄段发病,临床表现不特异,可终生无临床症状,也可表现逐渐恶化的心力衰竭、各种心律失常、体循环栓塞甚至猝死。
心力衰竭主是NVM患者就诊的最主要原因,国外报道发生率在30%~70%,国内患者左室射血分数<50%的约有77.27%。心力衰竭的原因是由于心内膜下低灌注和微循环障碍引起慢性心肌缺血造成的收缩功能不全;同时网状肌小梁也可以使室壁弛张度降低和室壁僵硬度增加从而造成舒张功能不全〔16〕。故不同于扩张型心肌病广泛的心功能丧失NVM心肌功能不全的范围相对局限于致密化不全节段〔17〕。由于乳头及解剖异常,NVM易合并二尖瓣反流也可加重心衰〔18〕。
心律失常是NMV常见临床表现,心电图表现无特异性,常见心室内传导阻滞(特别是左束支传导阻滞),左心室肥大,和复极异常〔19〕。其他心电图异常还包括ST-T改变、心房扑动、交界性心律失常、房室传导阻滞、异常Q波等。可能与心室壁网状肌小梁连接使得心肌电生理不稳定有关。
血栓栓塞易发生于老年、合并房颤及心力衰竭患者。机制是致密化不全的心室壁呈网状结构,网状肌小梁间有隐窝间隙,血液在隐窝间隙内流动缓慢容易形成附壁血栓,血栓一旦脱落可引起体循环栓塞。有合并脑卒中的个案报道〔20〕,但尚未建立NVM预防血栓的证据推荐。Stollberger等〔21〕在进行一项研究后认为并没有证据表明NVM为栓塞发生的独立危险因素,也不是所有诊断NVM患者均需服用抗凝药,而一旦NMV患者合并房颤或左心收缩功能不全应口服抗凝药预防栓塞。
6诊断
临床表现和影像学检查目前为诊断NVM的主要方法。超声心动图和磁共振(MRI)是最重要的检查方法。个别患者需左心室造影辅助诊断,其他检查如CT、冠状动脉造影、正电子发射断层显像等在明确是否合并其他心脏异常上更有意义。
超声心动图是NVM最基本的检查方法,具有无创、省时且经济的特点,可用于诊断及随访。NVM的超声心动图特征:(1)二维超声可见心室壁粗大网状的肌小梁向心腔突出,肌小梁间存在大小不等、深陷的隐窝,致密心肌回声变薄位于小梁外侧近心外膜处。在彩色多普勒可见心室与小梁间隐窝之间有血流交通。(2)肌小梁自室间隔中部至心尖部逐渐增多,大部分心尖区心腔被占据,室间隔及左室后壁基底部心肌结构很少受累。(3)心室腔扩大、受累室壁搏动减弱,心肌增厚率下降明显。
NVM超声心动图诊断标准有3种被国际认可。Jenni等〔22〕标准:(1)不合并其他先天性或继发性心肌病;(2)心室壁分为两层,较薄的致密化层,以及较厚的存在网状肌小梁和隐窝的非致密化层;收缩末期非致密化层/致密化层比例>2;(3)病变部位主要位于心尖部、下壁和侧壁,很少累及基底部。(4)彩色多普勒显示隐窝内血流信号与心腔相通,不与冠脉相通。Chin标准〔23〕:左室肌小梁基底部至心外膜的间距(X)与肌小梁顶部至心外膜的间距(Y)比值做定量分析,X/Y≤0.5为诊断标准。Stöllberger标准〔23〕:从心尖部到乳头肌,有1个成像平面上可见≥4个肌小梁突起于左室壁,且周围存在充满血流的小梁间隙,即可诊断NVM。Jenni标准被认为敏感度最好〔22〕,目前在临床上最常用,但也存在局限性:(1)目前认为致密层及非致密层厚度的测量数值在舒张末期较收缩末期精确;(2)致密化层的心肌收缩性强,收缩末期较非致密化层厚度增加更明显,故致密心肌收缩时增厚率对该比值有较大影响。
实时三维超声心动图作为一项新方法,不仅可立体显示心腔内多发、异常粗大的肌小梁和交错深陷的隐窝的空间结构关系,促进非致密化心肌的识别,而且可以对NVM患者左室收缩功能及节段收缩的同步性进行定量评价〔24〕,可提高左室致密化不全的诊断率,有助于指导治疗方案及判断预后。超声斑点追踪技术为诊断NVM的辅助方法,可对左心室局部心肌收缩功能做定量分析。
心脏核磁共振(CMR)目前被认为诊断NVM的“金标准”。因心脏超声在测量非致密化层和致密化层厚度值上精确度和可重复性差,故联合CMR诊断弥补了这种不足〔25〕。CMR有以下优势:(1)操作者主观因素影响小;(2)直观显示受累心肌病变范围及程度、范围,特别是可明确隐窝内是否有血栓形成;(3)心尖部病变成像优于超声。Ptersen等〔26〕诊断标准:左心室舒张末期非致密层心肌厚度(NC)/致密层心肌厚度(C)≥2.3,敏感性为86%,特异性为99%。Jacquier等〔27〕新近提出诊断标准:舒张末期左室肌小梁质量超过总质量20%,敏感度和特异度均为93.7%。
左心室造影(LVG):为有创性检查,在诊断NVM上不常规应用。左心室功能下降的患者疑似NVM,LVG可用于诊断及鉴别诊断。典型征象:舒张期病变区域心内膜边界呈羽毛状,收缩期隐窝内有造影剂残留。
7鉴别诊断
NVM需与以下疾病相鉴别:(1)扩张型心肌病(DCM):二者的共同特点是心腔大且均可伴有心力衰竭、心律失常及血栓栓塞。不同之处在于影像表现上DCM患者心室壁均匀变薄、心内膜光滑,而NVM患者致密化心肌变薄,非致密化心肌增厚,心内膜不光滑呈网状结构,肌小梁间有明显深陷的隐窝。(2)肥厚型心肌病(HCM):因HCM虽表现为心肌壁肥厚,但无明显增多的粗大肌小梁及隐窝,CMR可明确显示肥厚心肌的部位及范围,易与NVM鉴别。(3)缺血性心肌病(ICM):ICM有特征性的心绞痛病史,心脏超声多为室壁节段性运动减低;而NVM患者行冠状动脉造影检查结果多表现正常。(4)高负荷性心脏病:心室负荷增高(如高血压性心脏病)表现为心肌细胞肥大引起的肌小梁增粗及心肌厚度增加;但NVM的病变是心肌致密化过程的停滞,病变区域的致密化心肌常变薄。最近也有报道〔28〕应用目前NVM的诊断标准一部分健康志愿者出现假阳性结果,并逐渐认识到年轻人左心室也存在一定数量的肌小梁且随年龄增加而减少。一些无临床症状的运动员超声检查中也发现符合NVM的诊断标准〔29〕,但目前无足够证据限制其继续从事体育活动〔30〕,相关的危险分层标准尚在探寻中。
8治疗
NVM治疗目的主要为改善症状,延缓病情进展。治疗原则是纠正心力衰竭、抗心律失常以及预防血栓栓塞。
药物治疗:治疗依据慢性心衰指南,可给予强心、利尿、扩血管药物以减轻心脏前后负荷。血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)通过抑制肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统、β受体阻滞剂通过抑制交感肾上腺素系统可改善心室重构。因小梁内隐窝形成血栓的风险较高,故对合并有血栓栓塞史、房颤和(或)心功能不全的患者,建议应尽早启动抗凝治疗。对于NVM合并心功能不全的患者是否给予口服抗凝药物治疗,目前没有临床试验证实其安全性及是否获益。
器械治疗:因NVM死亡的主要原因为心功能的逐渐恶化和严重心律失常,故存在左室收缩功能障碍,尤其是合并室性心律失常或有家族心脏猝死史的患者,植入性心律转复除颤器可能获益(ICD)〔31〕。但获益也需要权衡相关风险,如设备感染、故障及不适当放电〔32〕。心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)对有适应症患者可改善心脏的心功能、形态以及机械收缩的不同步〔33〕。左室辅助装置(LVAD)提供机械循环支持可以弥补心脏移植供体受限问题,但NVM患者随访期间高发的血栓事件使得术后抗凝问题值得关注〔34〕。NVM患者合并WPW综合征或其他房室折返或房室结折返性心动过速应进行射频消融治疗〔35〕。
外科手术和心脏移植:NVM如合并其他先天性心脏畸形则需手术矫正,可有效缓解心力衰竭、改善心功能及较小心脏体积〔36〕。心脏移植治疗目前是重症NVM患者终末期惟一的选择〔37〕,但由于供体等诸多原因在欧美日等发达国家尚难以推广。
另外,基于遗传学的发展,明确NVM具有X染色体显性遗传的特征,因此对NVM患者一级亲属应进行超声心动图筛查,可早期发现无症状及早期NVM患者。
9预后
NVM预后与3个因素有关:出现心力衰竭症状的年龄及进展程度、是否存在恶性心律失常、是否有血栓形成及栓塞事件的发生率〔38〕。提示NVM患者预后差的指标:(1)心脏超声检查提示致密化不全心肌/致密化心肌>3〔39〕。(2)NYH心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ级,心脏超声提示左室舒张末期直径增大、射血分数降低,心电图示房颤以室性心律失常。总的来说,NVM患者虽发病率低,但病情进展是不可逆,如不及时干预则长期预后差、病死率高,因此临床上提高NVM的早期诊断率,对合并危险因素的患者及时干预,可提高生活质量及改善预后。
10参考文献
1Arbustini E,Weidemann F,Hall JL.Left ventricular noncompaction:a distinct cardiomyopathy or a trait shared by different cardiac diseases〔J〕? J Am Coll Cardiol,2014;28;64(17):1840-50.
2Engberding R,Bender F.Identification of a rare congenital anomaly of the myocardium by two-dimensional echocardiography:persistence of isolated myocardial sinusoids〔J〕.Am J Cardiol,1984;53(11):1733-4.
3Chin T,Perloff JK,Williams RG,etal.Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium.A study of eight cases〔J〕.Circulation,1990;82(2):507-13.
4Richardson P,McKenna W,Bristow M,etal.Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies〔J〕.Circulation,1996;93(5):841-2.
5Maron BJ,Towbin JA,Thiene G,etal.Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies:an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology,Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee;Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology interdisciplinary Working Groups;and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention〔J〕.Circulation,2006;113(14):1807-16.
6Oechslin EN,Attenhofer Jost CH,Rojas JR,etal.Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction:a distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis〔J〕.J Am Coll Cardiol,2000;36(2):493-500.
7Kovacevic-Preradovic T,Jenni R,Oechslin EN,etal.Isolated left ventricular noncompaction as a cause for heart failure and heart transplantation:a single center experience〔J〕.Cardiology,2009;112(2):158-64.
8Stollberger C,Finsterer J.Left ventricular hypertrabeculation /noncompaction〔J〕.J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2004;17(1):91-100.
9Finsterer J.Cardiogenetics,neurogenetics,and pathogenetics of left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction〔J〕.Pediatr Cardiol,2009;30(5):659-81.
10Nomura Y,Momoi N,Hirono K,etal.A novel MYH7 gene mutation in a fetus with left ventricular noncompaction〔J〕.Can J Cardiol,2015;31(1):103.e1-3.
11Jiang B,Yang Y,Li F,etal.Giant aneurysm of right coronary artery fistula into left ventricle coexisting with noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium〔J〕.Ann Thorac Surg,2014;98(4):e85-6.
12Patil KG,Salagre SB,Itolikar SM.Left ventricular non-compaction with viral myocarditis:a rare presentation of a rarer disease〔J〕.J Assoc Physicians India,2014;62(3):261-3.
13Eidem BW.Noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular noncompaction:what's new in 2009〔J〕?Pediatr Cardiol,2009;30(5):682-9.
14Rosa L,Salemi V,Alexanndre L,etal.Noncompaction cardiomyopathy:a current view〔J〕.Arq Bras Cardiol,2001;97(1);e13-9.
15Burke A,Mont E,Kutys R,etal.Left ventricular noncompaction:a pathological study of 14 cases〔J〕.Hum Pathol,2005;36(4):403-11.
16Zambrano E,Marshalko SJ,Jaffe CC,etal.Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium:clinical and molecular aspects of a rare cardiomyopathy〔J〕.Lab Invest,2002;82(2):117-22.
17Aras D,Tufekcioqlu O,Erqun K,etal.Clinical features of isolated ventricular noncompaction in adults long-term clinical course,echocardiographic properties,and predictors of left ventricular failure〔J〕.J Card Fail,2006;12(9):726-33.
18Stacey RB,Haag J,Hall ME,etal.Mitral regurgitation in left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy assessed by cardiac MRI〔J〕.J Heart Valve Dis,2014;23(5):591-7.
19Steffel J,Kobza R,Oechslin E,etal.Electrocardiographic characteristics at initial diagnosis in patients with isolated left ventricular noncompaction〔J〕.Am J Cardilo,2009;104(7):984-9.
20Kulhari A,Kalra N,Sila C.Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy and Stroke:Case Report and Literature Review〔J〕.J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2015;24(8):e213-7.
21Stollberger C,Blazek G,Dobias C,etal.Frequency of stroke and embolism in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction〔J〕.Am J Cardiol,2011;108(7):1021-3.
22Jenni R,Oechslin E,Schneider J,etal.Eehocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventficular non-compaction:a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy〔J〕.Heart,2001;86(6):666-71.
23Stöllberger C,Finsterer J,Blazek C.Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction and association with additional cardiac abnomalities and neuromuscular disorders〔J〕.Am J Cardiol,2002;90(8):899-902.
24Thebault C,Donal E,Bernard A,etal.Real-time three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography:a novel technique to quantify global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony〔J〕.Eur J Echocardiogr,2011;12(1):26-32.
25Zuccarino F,Vollmer I,Sanchez G,etal.Left ventricular noncompaction:imaging findings and diagnostic criteria〔J〕.AJR Am J Roentgenol,2015;204(5):W519-30.
26Ptersen SE,Selvanayngam JB,Wiesmann F,etal.Left ventricular non-compaction:insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging〔J〕.J Am Coll Cardiol,2005;46(1):101-5.
27Jacquier A,Thuny F,Jop B,etal.Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction〔J〕.Eur Heart J,2010;31(9):1098-104.
28André F,Burger A,Loβnitzer D,etal.Reference values for left and right ventricular trabeculation and non-compacted myocardium〔J〕.Int J Cardiol,2015;185:240-7.
29Peritz DC,Chung EH.Left ventricular noncompaction and athletes-reply〔J〕.JAMA Intern Med,2015;175(1):142.
30Pitzer ME,Seidenberg PH,Silvis M.Asymptomatic left ventriclar noncompaction-implications for athletic participation〔J〕.Curr Sports Med Rep,2015;14(2):91-5.
31Oechslin E,Jenni R.Left ventricular non-compaction revisited:a distinct phenotype with genetic heterogeneity〔J〕?Eur Heart J,2011;32(12):1446-56.
32Paterick TE,Bhatia A,Humphries JA,etal.Guiding the management of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy:a knowledge gap〔J〕.Rev Cardiovasc Med,2014;15(3):208-16.
33Qiu Q,Chen YX,Mai JT,etal.Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular remodeling and dyssynchrony in patients with left ventricular noncompaction and heart failure〔J〕.Int J Cardiovasc Imaging,2015;31(2):329-37.
34Uribarri A,Rojas SV,Avsar M,etal.First series of mechanical circulatory support in non-compaction cardiomyopathy:is LVAD implantation a safe alternative〔J〕?Int J Cardiol,2015;197:128-32.
35Epstein AE,DiMarco JP,Ellenbogn KA,etal.ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines(Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices)developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons〔J〕.J Am Coll Cardiol,2008;51(21):e1-62.
36Yu WZ,Wang Y,Zheng JW,etal.Congenital heart surgery in patients with ventricular noncompaction〔J〕.J Card Surg,2015;30(2):179-84.
37Tigen K,Karaahmet T,Kahveci G,etal.Left ventricular noncom-paction:case of a heart ransplant〔J〕.Eur J Echocardiog,2008;9(1):126-9.
38Fazio G,Corrado G,Zachara E,etal.Ventricular tachycardia in non-compaction of left ventricle:is this a frequent complication〔J〕?Pacing Clin Electrophysiol,2007;30(4):544-6.
39Espinola-Zavaleta N,Soto ME,Castellanos LM,etal.Non-compacted cardiomyopathy:clinical-echocardiographic study〔J〕.Cardiovase Ultrasound,2006;26;4:35.
〔2015-09-17修回〕
(编辑袁左鸣)
欢 迎 投 稿欢 迎 订 阅
CHINESE JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY
SemimonthlyEstablished in July 1981Vol.36No.5March10, 2016
Supervisor
Gerontological Society of China
Sponsor
Gerontological Society of China
Jilin Department of Health
Editor
Editorial Board of Chinese
Journal of Gerontology
No.971,Jianzheng Road of Changchun,Jilin Province,China
Tel(Fax):(0431)88923384
(0431)88940685
E-mail:okgood911@126.com
Publisher
Editorial Department of
Chinese Journal of Gerontology
Chief Editor
CHEN Ke-Ji(陈可冀)
ZHAO Ji-Guang(赵吉光)
President
HU Guo-Yi(胡国义)
Managing Director
ZHANG Hui(张慧)
Executive Editor
CAO Meng-Yuan(曹梦园)
Advertisement Omniagency
Beijing Kangzhong Shidai Medicine Research Development Co.,LTD(Room 715, No.1 Build, Rongda International Center, No.201, Xisanhuan South Road, Fengtai District of Beijing, Beijing, China, 100070)
Tel:(010)83624052
13911004996(Manager LÜ)
E-mail:kangzhongshidai@sina.com
Printer
Changchun Xinying
Printing Limited Company
No.23,Qinghe Street of Changchun,Jilin Province,China
Tel:(0431)88528489
Overseas Distributor
China International Book
Trading Corporation
P.O.Box 309,Beijing,China
Code No.SM 4815
Subscriptions
Local Post Offices in China
Mail-Order
Editorial Department of
Chinese Journal of Gerontology
971,Jianzheng Road,
Changchun,Jilin,China,
P.C:130061
Advertisement Management
Licence:2200004000009
CSSNISSN 1005-9202
CN 22-1241/R
Official Journal of Chinese
Society of Gerontology
Contents in Brief
Effect of mGluRs on learning and memory dysfunction in rats induced by aluminum
WEI Jian-Hong, NIU Qiao(1025)
Effect of polysaccharide from Gastrodia Elata B1 on humoral immune function in
immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide
LI Xiao-Bing,ZHAN Jun-Ping,ZHANG Yue-Teng,etal(1027)
Expression and clinical significance of a novel long non-coding RNA IRAIN in
breast cancer
GUAN Yan-Jie, SONG Yan-Qiu, XU Xiao-Heng,etal(1029)
Effects of three kinds of dietary fiber on cholesterol transport in Caco-2 cells
ZHANG Hai-Feng, JIANG Ming-Xia, CHENG Yin,etal(1032)
Synergistic effect of T peptide on dendritic cells and its effect on tumor and
immune microenvironment of renal cell carcinoma cells
YANG Xu-Chu, WANG Huai-Zhang, ZHANG Xin-Feng,etal(1057)
Relationship of ambulatory arterial stiffness index and apnea hypopnea index in
patients with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
XIA Hao,HUANG Zhao-Hui,LIU Dong-Feng,etal(1070)
Association between PON1 genes polymorphism with the serum lipid levels of
Guangxi longevity population in Bama county
LIANG Xue,ZHANG Zhi-Yong,LIANG Gui-Yun,etal(1072)
Prognostic factors of radiotherapy in elderly patients with glioma
YAO Meng-Meng,FANG Chuan,XIE Jing,etal(1111)
Principal component analysis between reference value of the healthy middle-aged and
elderly people's prothrombin time and geographical factors
YANG Shao-Fang,GE Miao,LI Xiao-Ping,etal(1153)
Epidemiological exploration of measurement on healthy human aging level
LIN Fei,WU Yi-Feng,LONG Yao,etal(1157)
Clinical observation on senile osteoporosis pain treated with Integrated Traditional Chinese
Medicine-Western Medicine
WU Bin, ZHOU Ze-Jun, SUN Lin(1162)
Investigation on pension institutions current status and exploration of longitudinal medical
cooperation mode
PEI Dong-Mei, ZHANG Cheng-Pu,GAO Xing,etal(1208)
【Serial Parameters】CN22-1241/R*1981*sm*A4*176*zh*P*15.00*8 000*113*2016-05
〔中图分类号〕R542.2
〔文献标识码〕A
〔文章编号〕1005-9202(2016)05-1276-04;
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2016.05.113
通讯作者:孙健(1958-),男,教授,主要从事冠心病及心力衰竭诊断治疗和危险因素的基础与临床研究。
第一作者:刘双(1983-),女,硕士,主要从事冠心病及心力衰竭诊断治疗和危险因素的基础与临床研究。