白细胞分化抗原147的生物学特性及其与肿瘤的关系
2016-01-30卢朝辉
高 岑,卢朝辉,陈 杰
中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院病理科,北京 100730
·综 述·
白细胞分化抗原147的生物学特性及其与肿瘤的关系
高 岑,卢朝辉,陈 杰
中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院病理科,北京 100730
白细胞分化抗原147(CD147)/细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)是一种跨膜糖蛋白,在肿瘤细胞表面广泛高表达,其主要作用是诱导成纤维细胞和内皮细胞产生基质金属蛋白酶,参与调控肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、转移、凋亡、血管生成、化疗耐药及能量代谢等。本文总结了CD147的生物学特性及其在肿瘤中的多种生物学功能和可能的调控机制。
白细胞分化抗原147/细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子;基质金属蛋白酶;生物学特性
ActaAcadMedSin,2016,38(5):589-593
白细胞分化抗原147(cluster of differentiation 147,CD147)或细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer,EMMPRIN)是Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,属免疫球蛋白超家族成员,也被称为basigin(BSG),由basigin基因编码[1]。CD147是一种多效性分子,在生理状态和疾病尤其是肿瘤中发挥多种功能。
CD147的发现、命名及生物学特性
CD147的发现及命名 CD147最初是由Biswas[2]于1982年在肺癌细胞中发现,因其能诱导成纤维细胞表达胶原酶,被命名为肿瘤细胞胶原酶刺激因子(tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor,TCSF)。后来发现它能诱导多种基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)的产生,被重命名为EMMPRIN[3]。CD147在不同种属、不同组织中先后被赋予不同的名称,如:EMMPRIN、TCSF、M6[4]、HAb18G[5](人类),Neurothelin、5A11、HT7[6](鸡),OX47[7]、CE9[8](大鼠),basigin、gp42[9](人类和小鼠)。
CD147的分子结构 CD147基因定位于染色体19p13.3,含有1797bp[10],在基因的5’端-142~-112bp的30bp的元件含有特殊蛋白1(specificity protein 1,Sp1)、激活蛋白1(activator protein 1,AP1)、转录因子Ⅱ(transcription factor Ⅱ,TFⅡ)和早期生长反应因子- 2的结合位点,对CD147转录很重要[11]。在3’侧翼序列有两个低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor,HIF)的结合位点[12]。
CD147编码区编码269个氨基酸残基,其蛋白非糖基化形式的相对分子质量为 29 000,糖基化形式的相对分子质量介于 43 000~66 000之间,在不同器官或组织中其糖基化程度不同,可能是其发挥多种生理功能的原因[13]。CD147的蛋白结构包括N端的信号序列(21个氨基酸残基)、细胞外免疫球蛋白样结构域(185个氨基酸残基)、单个跨膜结构域(24个氨基酸残基)和C端的细胞内结构域(39个氨基酸残基)[3,10]。晶体结构分析显示,细胞外N端的ECⅠ结构域为IgC2结构域,C端的ECⅡ为IgI结构域[14]。
CD147的每一个结构域与不同的蛋白相互作用,发挥不同的功能。CD147的胞外区有3个天冬酰胺糖基化位点[13]。ECⅠ结构域的N糖基化对诱导MMPs产生[15]和CD147同型相互作用[16]非常重要。ECⅠ结构域与整合素α3β1和α6β1相互作用,影响细胞黏附迁移、骨架重排和细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)积聚[17]。ECⅡ结构域与微囊蛋白- 1相互作用,参与CD147在胞膜的聚集,调控其MMP- 1诱导活性[18]。亲环素(cyclophilin,Cyp)A和B也与ECⅡ结构域结合,参与存活和趋化作用途径[19]。跨膜区含有保守的疏水氨基酸[3],作为CD147的信号肽和细胞膜锚定位点[7],可与Cyp60[20]、CD43[21]、syndecan[22]相互作用;218位的谷氨酸残基可与单羧酸转运蛋白(monocarboxylate transporter,MCT)- 1和MCT- 4的第八跨膜结构域的精氨酸残基相互作用[23]。而且跨膜区含有典型的亮氨酸拉链结构域,参与膜-蛋白相互作用和多种细胞内信号途径[7,24]。CD147的细胞内结构域高度保守,在与MCTs相互作用中发挥关键作用[25]。
CD147的亚型 选择性剪接和选择性启动使CD147形成4种亚型(basigin- 1、2、3、4)。其中,basigin- 1是视网膜特异性亚型,含有3个胞外结构域[26]。Basigin- 2是最常见的经典亚型,含有2个胞外结构域。basigin- 3和basigin- 4较少见,只含有1个胞外结构域(IgI),basigin- 3可通过与basigin- 2形成异源二聚体对其发挥内源性抑制剂的作用[27]。
CD147在肿瘤中的表达及作用
CD147在肿瘤中的表达 CD147在许多常见肿瘤中通常过表达,包括肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)[5]、肺癌[28]、乳腺癌[29]、胰腺癌[30]、结肠癌[31]、胶质瘤[32]、宫颈癌[33]、卵巢癌[12]、前列腺癌[34]、黑色素瘤[35]等。事实上,CD147的失调几乎与所有肿瘤相关,是转移的肿瘤细胞中表达最高的一种蛋白。CD147主要表达于细胞膜和/或细胞浆[36],并常与其他参与病理过程的分子同时表达,如MCTs[37]。
CD147在肿瘤中的作用及其机制
CD147参与肿瘤的侵袭、生长和转移:CD147的主要功能是诱导邻近成纤维细胞和内皮细胞产生MMPs,大部分机制不明。肿瘤细胞释放的富含CD147的膜囊泡能通过肿瘤-基质相互作用促进MMPs合成[38]。分泌的MMPs能降解ECM,促进肿瘤生长/进展、侵袭、转移。同型相互作用在诱导MMPs的活性中发挥重要作用,MMPs经CD147刺激而分泌,然后在细胞膜上将CD147切除,由此形成1个正反馈环[16]。
CD147与integrin相互作用能通过激活下游FAK信号通路影响细胞骨架重排,促进肿瘤生长、侵袭、转移[17]。CD147与AnnexinⅡ相互作用能抑制HCC细胞的变形虫样运动,同时能通过STAT3/DOCK8促进Src依赖性的Rac1信号活化,从而调控HCC细胞的间叶细胞型运动[39]。最新研究发现,骨髓内皮细胞分泌的CypA可能通过与多发性骨髓瘤细胞CD147结合招募瘤细胞至骨髓,促进肿瘤归巢[40]。
CD147介导MMP依赖性和非依赖性的血管生成:研究发现,在活化的人脐静脉内皮细胞中CD147表达明显上调,CD147能通过多种机制调控血管生成,包括增殖、存活、迁移和MMPs分泌[41]。CD147能通过活化PI3K/Akt和MAPK信号途径诱导血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的产生[42]。最新研究发现,CD147能与血管内皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)- 2直接结合,调节VEGF介导的VEGFR- 2活化及其下游信号和功能作用[35]。CD147与胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF)- 1之间形成正反馈诱导血管生成[43]。
CD147参与抗失巢凋亡:CD147表达上调促进肿瘤细胞抗失巢凋亡,部分通过抑制MAPK依赖性的Bim实现,促进肿瘤细胞与基质分离后的存活,并利于肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移的其他分子事件[29]。CD147介导细胞-细胞接触以E-cadherin依赖性方式促进抗失巢凋亡[44],部分通过PI3K/Akt通路的活化[45]。
CD147参与调控化疗耐药:CD147在多药耐药的肿瘤中高表达[46],敲除CD147能增加非小细胞肺癌对双胍类药物的敏感性[28]。CD147调节透明质酸(hyaluronan,HA)合成,与HA受体、CD44、淋巴管内皮透明质酸受体(lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor,LYVE)- 1相互作用。CD147表达上调,诱导多蛋白复合物的形成,包括CD44或LYVE- 1、膜型MMPs、受体酪氨酸激酶、ATP结合盒(ATP binding cassette,ABC)药物转运体或MCTs与CD147共同在特殊的脂筏结构域组装。HA、HA受体和CD147可能是化疗耐药相关复杂通路中的主要驱动因素[47]。
抑制饥饿诱导的细胞自噬:在SMMC- 7721细胞中,CD147能通过下调Beclin1,抑制饥饿诱导的自噬细胞死亡,从而促进肿瘤进展[48]。在前列腺癌PC-3细胞的研究中发现,CD147能通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路抑制细胞自噬,使肿瘤细胞免于无限制自噬而存活[34]。
促进糖酵解能量代谢:肿瘤的能量代谢方式表现为较高水平的有氧糖酵解,即Warburg效应。快速生长的肿瘤需要维持能量和细胞内pH的平衡。过量的乳酸主要通过MCT1/MCT4运输,需要辅助蛋白CD147的参与,因此CD147在调控肿瘤能量代谢中发挥决定性作用。CD147在上皮实性肿瘤组织的缺氧区域高表达,能促进缺氧微环境中肿瘤细胞糖酵解,促进肿瘤在低氧环境下的生长、侵袭,抑制凋亡[49- 50]。CD147敲除后,乳酸盐转运受阻,细胞内的乳酸盐不能通过MCTs从细胞内输出,显著抑制肿瘤生长[32]。
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Biological Characteristics of Cluster of Differentiation 147 and Its Relationship with Tumour
GAO Cen,LU Zhao-hui,CHEN Jie
Department of Pathology,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China
CHEN Jie Tel: 010- 69155490,E-mail: xhblk@163.com
Cluster of differentiation 147(CD147)/extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is a widely distributed transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is highly enriched on the surface of malignant tumour cells. A major function of CD147 is to stimulate matrix metalloproteinase production in stromal fibroblasts and endothelial cells. CD147 promotes growth,invasion,metastasis,and glycolysis of malignant cells,induces angiogenesis,multidrug resistance,and anoikis resistance,and inhibits starvation-induced autophagy et al. This review focuses on the structural and biological characteristics of CD147 as well as recent advances in its multiple functions in malignant tumours and underlining mechanisms.
cluster of differentiation 147/extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer; matrix metalloproteinases; biolog-ical characteristics
国家自然科学基金(81472326)Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (81472326)
陈 杰 电话:010- 69155490,电子邮件:xhblk@163.com
R730.2
A
1000- 503X(2016)05- 0589- 05
10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2016.05.018
2015- 09- 21)