小儿室间隔缺损修补术中乌司他丁及氨甲环酸联用的效果及临床意义
2016-01-12刘延芹,李素玲,赵海涛等
小儿室间隔缺损修补术中乌司他丁及氨甲环酸联用的效果及临床意义
刘延芹1,李素玲1,赵海涛1,赵砚丽1,高义1,杨永辉2
(1河北省儿童医院,石家庄050031;2河北省胸科医院)
摘要:目的观察小儿室间隔缺损修补术中联合应用乌司他丁及氨甲环酸的临床效果,探讨其临床意义。方法选取室间隔缺损患儿200例,按照随机数字法分为A组、B组、C组及对照组,每组各50例。择期行室间隔缺损修补术,四组均于麻醉诱导后给药:A组静脉注射乌司他丁10 000 U/kg,B组静脉注射氨甲环酸注射液20 mg/kg,C组静脉注射氨甲环酸注射液20 mg/kg及乌司他丁10 000 U/kg,对照组静脉注射同等体积生理盐水。记录术中心包引流量及冰冻血浆输注量。手术前及手术结束12 h后自中心静脉导管取血,检测血清炎症指标(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10)及凝血指标(中性粒弹性蛋白酶、PT、APTT)。结果A、B、C组术中心包引流量及冰冻血浆输注量均少于对照组,且C组少于A、B组(P均<0.05)。A、B、C组血清TNF-α及IL-6水平均低于对照组,且C组低于A、B组;A、B、C组血清IL-10水平高于对照组,且C组高于A、B组;A、B、C组血清弹性蛋白酶水平、PT、APTT均低于对照组,且C组低于A、B组(P均<0.05)。结论 小儿室间隔缺损修补术中联合应用乌司他丁及氨甲苯酸具有较好的止血作用,可减少术中心包引流量及输血量,可能与促进凝血功能及抑制炎症反应有关。
关键词:乌司他丁;氨甲环酸;室间隔缺损;炎症;凝血
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.42.002
中图分类号:R654.2 文献标志码:A
基金项目:河北省医学科学研究重点课题计划资助项目(20110015)。
作者简介:第一刘延芹(1972-),女,硕士,副主任医师,研究方向为小儿麻醉。E-mail: liuyanqin002@126.com
作者简介:通信杨永辉(1972-),男,硕士,主任医师,研究方向为临床病理及病理生理。E-mail: yangyonghui002@126.com
收稿日期:(2015-05-23)
Effect of ulinastatin and tranexamic acid on inflammatory and coagulation indexes
in children undergoing ventricular septal defect repair
LIUYan-qin1, LI Su-ling, ZHAO Hai-tao, ZHAO Yan-li, GAO Yi, YANG Yong-hui
(1Children′sHospitalofHebeiProvince,Shijiazhuang050031,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the effect of ulinastatin and tranexamic acid on inflammatory and coagulation indexes in children undergoing ventricular septal defect repair. MethodsA total of 200 children diagnosed with ventricular septal defect were divided into four groups, 50 cases in each group: ulinastatin group (group A), tranexamic acid group (group B), combination group (group C) and the control group. The volume of drainage from pericardium and frozen plasma infusion volume during the operation were recorded. We took the blood from the central venous catheter before and 12 hours after operation to detect the serum inflammatory indexes, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and coagulation indexes, including neutral grain of elastase, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).ResultsThe volume of drainage from pericardium and frozen plasma infusion volume of the groups A, B and C were less than that of the control group, and the combination group was less than the other groups ( all P<0.05). The serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the groups A, B and C were lower than that of the control group, and group C was lower than the other two groups; the serum level of IL-10 in the groups A, B and C were higher than that of the control group, and group C was higher than the other two groups; the serum levels of elastase, PT and APTT in the groups A, B and C were lower than that of the control group, and group C was lower than the other two groups (all P<0.05).ConclusionThe ulinastatin and aminomethylbenzoic acid have hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effect in children undergoing ventricular septal defect repair, which can reduce the volume of drainage from pericardium and frozen plasma infusion volume during the operation, and it may be related with the promotion of coagulation and inhibition of inflammatory reaction.
Key words: ulinastatin; aminomethylbenzoic acid; ventricular septal defect; inflammation; coagulation
大型室间隔缺损一般采用体外循环直视下行手术修补,而体外循环可严重干扰凝血功能,导致血小板减少、纤溶系统失衡等,造成术中出血[1~3]。此外,体外循环过程中使用的异体物质及异体血液可激活体内中性粒细胞、内皮细胞等,导致多种促炎介质释放,形成全身炎症反应综合征,进一步加重了出血的风险。抑肽酶是非特异性蛋白酶抑制剂,具有促凝作用,常用于减少围手术期出血和输血量,但不良反应较大。乌司他丁也是非特异性蛋白酶抑制剂,具有抑制出血的作用,是否能有效减少心脏手术中出血目前尚不明确。氨甲环酸是一种抗纤溶药物,可抑制纤维蛋白单体发挥促凝作用,对凝血功能具有保护作用[4,5]。2011年10月~2015年3月,我们对室间隔缺损患儿室间隔缺损修补术中应用乌司他丁及氨甲环酸,观察两种药物联合应用的作用,探讨其临床意义。
1资料与方法
1.1临床资料选取我院收治的室间隔缺损患儿200例,男104例、女96例,年龄3~6岁,体质量7~20 kg。经超声心动图检查确诊为室间隔缺损,缺损口径为主动脉的1/3~2/3,不伴有其他心脏畸形和合并症,排除严重心功能不全、肝肾功能严重受损及近期曾应用抗炎药物的患儿。按随机数字法分为对照组、A组、B组及C组,每组50例。四组年龄、性别、体质量和术前心功能等差异均无统计学意义。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,患儿家属均签署知情同意书。
1.2治疗方法择期行体外循环直视下室间隔缺损修补术。所有患儿术前禁食禁水8 h,气管插管后行静脉吸入复合麻醉,应用异丙酚、哌库溴铵等进行麻醉维持。监测心电图、血氧饱和度、中心静脉压等。四组均于麻醉诱导后给药:A组静脉注射乌司他丁10 000 U/kg,B组静脉注射氨甲环酸注射液20 mg/kg,C组静脉注射氨甲环酸注射液20 mg/kg及乌司他丁10 000 U/kg,对照组静脉注射同等体积生理盐水。手术采用胸骨正中切口入路,对室间隔较小缺损予直接缝合,对大缺口则使用涤纶织片缝补。手术结束时停止使用药物。
1.3评价指标记录手术期间心包引流量及冰冻血浆输注量以评价止血效果。手术前及手术结束12 h后自中心静脉导管取血,检测血清炎症指标(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10)及凝血指标(中性粒弹性蛋白酶、PT、APTT)。
2结果
2.1各组术中心包引流量及冰冻血浆输注量比较见表1。
表1 各组术中心包引流量及冰冻血浆输注量比较 ± s)
注:与对照组比较,*P<0.05;与C组比较,﹟P<0.05。
2.2各组炎症指标及凝血指标比较见表2。
表2 各组炎症指标及凝血指标比较
注:与同组术前比较,*P<0.05;与对照组术后比较,*P<0.05;与C组术后比较,﹟P<0.05。
3讨论
约有20%行室间隔缺损修补术的患儿术后会发生出血,主要原因是体外循环引起的体内凝血机制的异常。此外,体外循环过程中物理异物与化学刺激相互作用,可导致机体炎性介质释放,加之心、脑、肝及肾脏等脏器缺血再灌注后引起补体系统和细胞免疫反应的激活,均可导致促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6与抗炎因子IL-10平衡失调,从而影响凝血功能[6~8]。促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6可激活内皮细胞、组织因子的表达,刺激产生血小板活化因子,通过血小板形态和数量的改变影响凝血系统功能。抑肽酶是临床常用的抗凝药物,能有效减轻体外循环导致的凝血功能障碍及炎症反应,但具有严重的不良反应,限制了在手术中的应用[9,10]。
乌司他丁是非特异性蛋白酶抑制剂,常用于出血性疾病的治疗,能广泛抑制多种蛋白酶,与抑肽酶同样具有抑制胰蛋白酶、磷脂酶A及透明质酸酶等多种水解酶活性的作用。氨甲环酸是纤溶酶抑制剂,可通过抗纤溶作用起到保护血小板作用,从而达到促凝作用。研究发现,乌司他丁与氨甲环酸联合应用可有效调节患儿体内的凝血系统,减少体外循环引起的术后出血[11~13]。且乌司他丁及氨甲环酸单用及联用均可降低手术出血率[14,15]。本研究发现,A、B、C组术中心包引流量及冰冻血浆输注量均少于对照组,C组少于A、B组,提示乌司他丁及氨甲环酸均可减少术中心包引流量及冰冻血浆输注量,且两种药物联合应用的效果更为明显,能够更有效地发挥止血效果、减少术中心包引流量及输血量、降低术中出血的风险。
促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6在炎症损伤中起到重要作用,失调的炎症反应可以加重感染危险,并增加出血风险。研究发现,术中应用乌司他丁及氨甲苯酸可降低IL-6等炎症因子的释放,可能有助于减轻体外循环过程中的出血。本研究发现,A、B、C组的TNF-α及IL-6水平均低于对照组,且C组低于A、B组,提示乌司他丁及氨甲环酸均可有效降低体内的炎症水平,且两种药物联合应用的效果更为明显,可在此类手术中有效抑制炎症反应,减少术后并发出血的危险。
IL-10是一种抗炎因子,可抑制多种核转录因子,具有抑制炎症细胞激活和迁移的作用。本研究发现,A、B、C组的IL-10水平高于对照组,且C组高于A、B组,提示乌司他丁及氨甲环酸均可提高IL-10水平,从而减轻炎症反应引起的组织破坏,降低出血风险。
促凝和抗凝的平衡与炎症反应具有复杂的相互作用。本研究发现,A、B、C组的弹性蛋白酶、PT、APTT均低于对照组,且C组均低于A、B组,提示乌司他丁及氨甲环酸可调节凝血系统的平衡,协同使用可有效降低术后出血的风险,可能与抑制TNF-α、IL-10等炎症因子的释放有关。
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