孕妇外周血胎儿有核红细胞计数变化及其在不良妊娠结局预测中的应用
2016-01-12刘丽平,水丽君,龚瑞龙等
·临床研究·
孕妇外周血胎儿有核红细胞计数变化及其在不良妊娠结局预测中的应用
刘丽平1,水丽君2,龚瑞龙1,曹江霞1,黄秋香1,张元珍3
(1武汉市妇女儿童医疗保健中心,武汉430016;2安徽医科大学第二附属医院;3武汉大学中南医院)
摘要:目的观察孕妇外周血胎儿有核红细胞计数的变化,探讨其在妊娠不良结局预测中的应用价值。方法收集87例孕12~18周孕妇的外周血,密度梯度离心法分离单个核细胞,采用PE-GPA /FITC-CD71单克隆抗体双色标记胎儿有核红细胞后进行流式细胞分析,追踪妊娠结局并进行分析。结果妊娠结局正常者外周血中胎儿有核红细胞百分比为0.89%±0.81%,妊娠结局不良者为3.25%±2.98%,两者相比,P<0.05。以胎儿有核红细胞百分比>3.79%作为截断值,预测妊娠不良结局的敏感度为76.9%、特异度为64.3%。结论与妊娠结局正常的孕妇相比,妊娠结局不良孕妇孕12~18周时外周血胎儿有核红细胞增多;对孕12~18周孕妇外周血胎儿有核红细胞进行计数有助于不良妊娠结局的预测,其敏感度及特异度均较高。
关键词:有核红细胞;胎儿有核红细胞;妊娠;孕妇;妊娠结局
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.43.012
中图分类号:R713 文献标志码:B
基金项目:湖北省武汉市卫生和计划生育委员会2014年立项课题。
收稿日期:(2015-07-13)
Fetus nucleated red blood cell count changes in peripheral blood of pregnant
women and its application in prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes
LIULi-ping1, SHUI Li-jun, GONG Rui-long, CAO Jiang-xia, HUANG Qiu-xiang, ZHANG Yuan-zhen
(1WuhanMedicalandHealthCenterforWomen-Children,Wuhan430016,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo observe the fetus nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) count changes in the peripheral blood of pregnant women and to investigate its application in prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes.MethodsBlood samples were obtained from 87 pregnant women with the gestational age from 12 to 18 weeks, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and then we analyzed the cells marked with PE-GPA/FITC-CD71 monoclonal antibodies on the flow cytometer. Tracking the pregnancy outcomes, and their correlation between fetus nucleated red blood cell measurement and adverse pregnancy outcomes was analyzed.ResultsThe percentage of fetus NRBC in women with normal pregnancy outcomes was 0.89%±0.81%, 3.25%±2.98% in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes, and there was a significant difference between these two groups(P<0.05). We took fetus NRBC percentage >3.79% as the cutoff value to predict adverse outcomes of pregnancy, the sensitivity was 76.9%, and the specificity was 64.3%.Conclusions Compared with women with normal pregnancy outcomes, women with adverse pregnancy outcomes have a higher amount of fetus NRBC in the peripheral blood during the gestational age of 12-18 weeks. Measurement of fetus NRBC in maternal peripheral blood has a predictive role in adverse pregnancy outcomes, with a higher sensitivity and specificity.
Key words: nucleated red blood cells; fetus nucleated red blood cells; pregnancy; pregnant women; pregnancy outcome
通信作者:张元珍
正常妊娠的维持有赖于母胎免疫平衡的建立与稳定[1]。一旦该平衡失调,则会产生免疫排斥反应[2],引起病理性妊娠,导致不良妊娠结局,包括流产、早产、妊娠并发症、围产期胎儿死亡等[3]。1969年Walknowska等首次报道从孕妇外周血中提取胎儿细胞进行产前诊断。随后的研究[4,5]表明,胎儿有核红细胞是最好的产前诊断细胞来源。但由于胎儿有核红细胞在孕妇外周血中比例极低,故研究多集中在有核红细胞的富集与分离上。本研究对部分孕12~18周孕妇的外周血中胎儿有核红细胞进行了检测,观察其计数变化,追踪妊娠结局,分析并探讨孕妇外周血胎儿有核红细胞计数在不良妊娠结局预测中的应用价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1临床资料选取2014年1~12月在武汉市妇女儿童医疗保健中心妇产科门诊建册并住院分娩的孕妇87例,年龄18~39岁,均为单胎妊娠,无其他疾病及合并症,无输血史,除随机抽取的孕妇外,尽量纳入具有潜在的不良妊娠可能的孕妇(包括肥胖、营养不良、抽烟史、不良孕产史、家族史、唐氏筛查高危、低社会经济状况等孕妇)。在孕妇知情同意的情况下,于孕12~18周抽取其外周血6 mL,注入EDTA抗凝管,轻轻摇匀,置4 ℃冰箱保存,2 h内进行细胞分离处理。
1.3妊娠结局观察方法87例受检孕妇接受定期产前检查,对有潜在不良妊娠可能的孕妇要观察有无妊娠期高血压疾病、早产、胎儿生长受限、妊娠期糖尿病、胎盘早剥、胎儿窘迫、HELLP综合征、妊娠期胆汁淤积综合征、死胎、胎儿畸形、唐氏综合征等。
1.4统计学方法采用SPSS17.0统计软件。计量资料比较用t检验,截断值计算采用ROC曲线。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
受检的87例孕妇中,妊娠结局正常者25例,妊娠结局不良者62例(妊娠期高血压疾病27例、早产14例、胎儿生长受限8例、妊娠期糖尿病4例、胎盘早剥2例、胎儿窘迫2例、HELLP综合征1例、妊娠期胆汁淤积综合征1例、死胎1例、胎儿畸形1例、唐氏综合征1例)。87例孕妇外周血中均检出胎儿有核红细胞,其百分比为0.03%~9.37%;其中妊娠结局正常者胎儿有核红细胞百分比为0.89%±0.81%(0.03%~3.89%),妊娠结局不良者为3.25%±2.98%(3.19%~9.37%),两者相比,P<0.05。ROC曲线显示,以胎儿有核红细胞百分比>3.79%作为预测不良妊娠结局的截断值,该截断值的敏感度为76.9%、特异度为64.3%。
3讨论
母血中存在四种胎儿细胞,分别为滋养细胞、有核红细胞、淋巴细胞和粒细胞。其中胎儿有核红细胞具有完整的核物质,从而携带了完整的胎儿基因,且在妊娠期间持续存在于母血循环中。正常成人外周血不含有核红细胞,因而胎儿有核红细胞被学者们[7]认为是无创性产前诊断的最佳细胞来源。有研究者[8]发现,患妊娠期高血压疾病的孕妇血浆中胎儿DNA的量比正常妊娠孕妇高,且在子痫发作前孕妇血浆中胎儿DNA水平有异常升高。Holzgreve等[9]研究发现,妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇外周血中有核红细胞数增多,并随着疾病的严重程度的上升而升高。
在妊娠过程中,胎儿细胞可通过胎盘屏障进入母体外周血液循环并分布到母体全身各器官组织[10]。在正常妊娠中,含父系抗原的胚胎能够逃逸母体细胞和体液免疫的攻击;而在病理性妊娠中母胎免疫平衡被打破,导致免疫排斥反应的发生,引起血管内皮细胞病变[11],导致胎盘损伤,更多的胎儿细胞会因此漏入母体循环。孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞数量与胎盘损伤之间存在一定的相关性[12]。但是胎盘损伤的程度难以量化,故本研究以母外周血中胎儿有核红细胞的数量作为胎盘损伤的生物学标志,分析其与不良妊娠结局之间的关系,结果表明,孕12~18周孕妇的外周血中均可检出胎儿有核红细胞,妊娠结局不良者的胎儿有核红细胞百分比明显高于妊娠结局正常者,其中妊娠期糖尿病、胎儿生长受限、早产、胎盘早剥等孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞百分比升高更明显;以孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞百分比>3.79%作为截断值,其预测妊娠不良结局的敏感度为76.9%、特异度为64.3%。
妊娠期高血压疾病、胎儿生长受限、胎盘早剥、HELLP综合征等在发病机制方面有相似之处[13]。但是,这些疾病在临床上发病较晚,其中较为常见的妊娠期高血压疾病发生于妊娠中、晚期,最终累及胎盘、胎儿和孕妇各主要脏器,可导致胎儿发育迟缓、胎盘早剥、早产、产后出血等严重后果。但其发病因素可能在妊娠早期胎盘形成过程中就已存在,若能早期预测这些疾病的发生,或可进行早期干预,改善妊娠结局。本研究结果表明,检测母体外周血中胎儿有核红细胞数量变化,或可成为临床上预测不良妊娠结局的有效手段。
此外,本研究还发现,胎儿有异常(如先天畸形、染色体异常)的孕妇外周血中也出现胎儿有核红细胞增多的现象,其机制尚不清楚,有待进一步研究。
参考文献:
[1] Mercy P, Elizabeth B, Kathleen C, et al. Immune mechanisms at the maternal-fetal interface: perspectives and challenges [J]. NatImmunol, 2015,16(4):328-334.
[2] Moffett A, Colucci F. Uterine NK cells: active regulators at the maternal-fetal interface [J]. J Clin Invest, 2014,124(5):1872-1879.
[3] Rock KL, Shen L. Cross-presentation: underlying mechanisms and role in immune surveillance [J]. Immunol Rev, 2005, 207(1):166-183.
[4] Sekizawa A, Saito H. Prenatal screening of single-gene disorders from maternal blood [J]. Am J Pharmacogenomics, 2001,1(2):111-117.
[5] 王志宏,李陈莉.孕妇外周血胎儿有核红细胞检测与优生优育[J].河北医科大学学报,2013,34(2):244-246.
[6] 赵跃宏,任景慧,徐宏里,等.应用转铁蛋白受体和胎儿血红蛋白标记染色方法分选孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞的研究[J].中华妇产科杂志,2006,41(2):126-127.
[7] Zapata-Vazquez RE, Coetzee A, Harlock E, et al. Measurement of nucleated red blood cells in the peripheral blood as a marker of hypoxia in sudden unexpected death in infancy [J]. J Clin Pathol, 2015,68(9):718-722.
[8] Martin A, Krishna I, Badell M, et al. Can the quantity of cell-free fetal DNA predict preeclampsia: a systematic review [J]. Prenata Diagn, 2014,34(7):685-691.
[9] Holzgreve W, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, et al. Disturbed feto-maternal cell traffic in preeclampsia [J]. Obstet Gynecol, 1998,91(5):669-672.
[10] 傅金凤,朱萍,郝素媛.胎儿有核红细胞检测的意义[J].中国优生与遗传杂志,2006,14(10):114-115.
[11] Liu P, Huang W, Lu YC, et al. Enhanced maternal anti-fetal immunity contributes to the severity of hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy [J]. Am J Reprod Immunol, 2010,63(5):379-386.
[12] 李芹,仇姝,王建军.孕妇外周血中胎儿有核红细胞数量与胎盘损伤的相关性研究[J].实用临床医药杂志,2010,14(17):130-131.
[13] Leanos-Miranda A, Campos-Galicial I, Ramirez-Valenzuela KL, et al. Circulating angiogenic factors and urinary prolactin as predictors of adverse outcomes in women with preeclampsia[J]. Hypertension, 2013,61(5):1118-1125.