球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤
2015-10-28刘志华沈进赵卫石潆
刘志华,沈进,赵卫,石潆
·神经介入Neurointervention·
球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤
刘志华,沈进,赵卫,石潆
目的分析球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术治疗颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤的优势。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至4月昆明医科大学第一附属医院采用球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术治疗20例共25枚颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤患者的临床资料。20例患者中曾患蛛网膜下腔出血12例,无出血史8例;25枚颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤中位于基部动脉未端分叉部14枚,大脑中动脉分叉部8枚,颈内动脉末端分叉部3枚。根据Raymond分级评价介入治疗术后即刻和3个月后三维DSA检查结果,根据改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分评价术后3个月临床疗效。结果球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术后即刻三维DSA检查显示25枚颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤中RaymondⅠ级21枚,Ⅱ级2枚,Ⅲ级2枚;术后3个月DSA随访显示RaymondⅠ级20枚,Ⅱ级3枚,Ⅲ级2枚。术后3个月mRS评分显示17例患者0分,1例患者1分,均预后良好;2例患者4~6分,预后不良。结论球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术在颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤介入治疗术中具有明显优势。
球囊;支架;弹簧圈;颅内动脉瘤;分叉部
随着介入材料不断改进和介入治疗水平不断提高,血管腔内治疗以创伤小、可操作性强的优点,逐渐成为近年治疗颅内动脉瘤的首选方法。但宽颈动脉瘤,尤其是颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤仍是神经介入医师面临的十分棘手的难题[1]。宽颈动脉瘤指瘤颈宽度>4 mm或瘤颈与瘤体宽径比>0.5的动脉瘤。目前针对颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤的介入治疗方法主要有Y型支架释放技术[2]、水平支架释放技术[3]、双微导管技术、双球囊辅助技术。2014年1月至4月,昆明医科大学第一附属医院采用球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术治疗20例患者25枚颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤,取得了良好疗效。现将该技术应用及其优势报道如下。
1 材料与方法
1.1一般资料
2014年1月至4月,昆明医科大学第一附属医院影像科采用球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术治疗20例患者25枚颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤。20例患者中男性8例,女性12例;年龄35~67岁,平均50岁。根据Hunt-Hess分级,0级12例,Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级1例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级2例。20例中曾患蛛网膜腔出血12例,均有突发剧烈头痛等病史,4例出现昏迷,2例出现偏瘫;有8例无出血史,2例表现为头痛,6例无症状。
1.2影像学资料
所有患者术前均经全脑动脉数字减影血管造影(IADSA)检查确诊为颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤,并以三维DSA准确观察动脉瘤位置、形态、大小、瘤颈宽度及与载瘤动脉和穿支血管的空间关系,并选择最佳工作体位1~2个。20例患者中单发动脉瘤15例,多发动脉瘤5例。总计25枚动脉瘤中位于基部动脉未端分叉部14枚,大脑中动脉分叉部8枚,颈内动脉未端分叉部3枚;11枚瘤颈宽度为4~5 mm,9枚为5~6 mm,5枚为6 mm以上。
1.3围手术期处理
所有患者术前均接受三大常规、心肝肾功能、凝血功能检查。有蛛网膜下腔出血史患者术前0.6~1 h顿服阿司匹林和氯吡格雷各300 mg,无出血史患者术前3 d口服阿司匹林100 mg/d和晨起顿服氯吡格雷75 mg/d。所有患者术前1 d开始从静脉持续微量泵注尼莫地平3~5 ml/h;术中充分肝素化(45 U/kg),每隔1 h追加肝素1 000 U;术后72 h内皮下注射低分子肝素(4 000 U,每12小时1次),3 d后口服氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)、阿司匹林(100 mg/d)持续3个月,3个月后改为持续口服阿司匹林(100 mg/d)。
1.4治疗方法
手术在气管内插管全身麻醉下进行,术中全程肝素化。采用经股动脉Seldinger穿刺技术置入8 F动脉鞘,将8 F导引导管置于颈内动脉或C1~2水平椎动脉。以基底动脉末端分叉部宽颈动脉瘤介入治疗为例,在0.014英寸神经导丝引导下先将球囊置于一侧大脑后动脉近端并靠近动脉瘤颈处,再将支架送至跨基底动脉主干和另一侧大脑后动脉处[4]并完全释放;将用于装载和释放弹簧圈的微导管通过穿网孔技术从支架网孔送至动脉瘤内近心端1/3处,扩张球囊重塑形瘤颈后送入弹簧圈成篮,每次释放球囊之前先抽瘪球囊并手推减影,确认弹簧圈未突入载瘤动脉时才予以解脱(图1)。本组20例患者25枚颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤介入治疗中使用Neuroform支架[5]7个,Enterprise支架[6]18个;Hyperform球囊25个。术后所有患者即刻接受DSA造影复查,了解支架位置、动脉瘤栓塞情况、载瘤动脉及其累及分支血管通畅情况。
2 结果
球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗后即刻作三维DSA检查,并依据Raymond分级[7]进行评估,结果显示20例患者25枚颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤中RaymondⅠ级21枚,Ⅱ级2枚,Ⅲ级2枚。术后3个月DSA随访显示RaymondⅠ级20枚,Ⅱ级3枚,Ⅲ级2枚。术后3个月改良的Rankin量表(mRS)评分[8]显示17例为0分(完全无症状),1例为1分(有症状但无明显功能障碍,能完成日常活动),均为预后良好;2例为4~6分(预后不良),表现为中度动能障碍(不能独立行走,日常生活需别人帮助)。本组患者并发症发生率仅为15%(3/20)。
图1 球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术治疗颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤影像图
3 讨论
随着介入材料改进及操作技术发展,颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤介入治疗水平有了突飞猛进的提高。目前针对颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤的介入治疗方法主要有双微导管技术、Y型支架释放技术、水平支架释放技术、冰淇淋蛋筒(waffle-cone)技术以及球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞技术,其中球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞技术具有明显优势。
双微导管技术利用2根微导管同时在同一动脉瘤腔内实施栓塞治疗,使得通过2根微导管输送的弹簧圈相互交错以达到较为稳定的成篮效果,术后部分患者可达到相当满意的栓塞效果,但仍不能够完全替代球囊和支架的辅助作用,其对载瘤动脉管腔的保护作用不如球囊和支架辅助技术确切可靠,尤其是在治疗分叉部宽颈动脉瘤时,术后即刻DSA造影虽显示弹簧圈在动脉瘤内稳定成篮,但弹簧圈仍有可能从瘤腔内向载瘤动脉内突入,甚至从瘤腔内逃逸,从而栓塞载瘤动脉或其远端重要分支。
Y型支架释放技术是通过先后释放2枚支架分别保护宽颈动脉瘤累及的2个分支,2枚支架植入后在形态上呈Y型。该技术是治疗分叉部宽颈动脉瘤的一种安全有效方法[9-12],但也存在不可避免的缺点:①多支架植入增加了操作难度;②第2枚支架植入过程中通过第1枚支架网孔时可能会遇到困难,甚至导致第1枚支架移位;③2枚支架并行置放,局部网孔细密,金属含量相对增高,使得致栓性增强[13]。
水平支架释放技术将支架系统通过Willis环的前交通动脉或后交通动脉输送到颈内动脉或基底动脉分叉处,将支架从分叉后的一个分支释放到另一个分支,水平覆盖动脉瘤颈。这对分叉部宽颈动脉瘤是一种较理想的方法。但该技术仍存在一定缺陷:首先,该技术的关键或前提条件是前交通动脉或后交通动脉必须粗大,如果存在发育不良或变异则无法实施;其次,该技术对正常血流动力学改变较大,更易导致支架内血栓形成,从而增加缺血性并发症发生概率;最后,该技术对于大脑中动脉分叉处动脉瘤无法实施。
球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术兼具球囊辅助达到瘤颈重新塑形和支架结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗之优势,其单个球囊辅助技术相对双球囊技术减少了血管内膜损伤,且术中只暂时性阻断分叉部1条载瘤动脉,血栓形成概率降低;同时相对Y型支架释放技术仅植入1个支架,既为弹簧圈成篮栓塞提供支撑力,又可减少2个支架相互重叠导致的血栓形成概率,避免2个支架相互挤压造成的支架受压变形,甚至塌陷[14]。
综上可见,球囊联合支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术是目前颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤,如基底动脉顶端分叉部、颈内动脉末端分叉部及大脑中动脉分叉部宽颈动脉瘤介入治疗方法中具有明显优势的技术,值得临床应用。相信随着介入材料和技术的不断发展,颅内分叉部宽颈动脉瘤介入治疗效果会不断提高。
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Balloon combined with stent-assisted steel-coil embolization for the treatment of intracranial wide-necked aneurysms located at artery bifurcation sites
LIU Zhi-hua,SHEN Jin,ZHAO Wei,SHI Ying. Medical Imaging Center,First Affiliated Hospital,Kunming Medical University,Kunming,Yunnan Province 650031,China
ZHAO Wei,E-mail:kyyyzhaowei@foxmail.com
ObjectiveTo discuss the advantages of balloon combined with stent-assisted steel-coil embolization in treating intracranial wide-necked aneurysms located at artery bifurcation sites.MethodsThe clinical data of 20 patients with intracranial wide-necked aneurysms located at artery bifurcation sites(25 aneurysms in total),who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University during the period from January 2014 to May 2014 to receive balloon combined with stent-assisted steel-coil embolization treatment,were retrospectively analyzed.Among the 20 patients,16 had a history of subarachnoid hemorrhage and 4 had no history of subarachnoid hemorrhage.A total of 25 intracranial aneurysms located at artery bifurcation were detected;the locations included basilar terminal bifurcation(n=14),middle cerebral artery(MCA)bifurcation(n=8)and internal carotid artery(ICA)bifurcation(n=3). Three dimensional DSA was performed immediately and three months after the treatment,and the manifestations were evaluated according to Raymond classification.The clinical efficacy at three months after the treatment was assessed with the modified Rankin scale(mRS).ResultsThree dimensional DSA performed immediately after the balloon combined with stent-assisted steel-coil embolization treatment showed that among the 25 intracranial wide-necked aneurysms located at artery bifurcation 21 belonged to Raymond gradeⅠ,2 belonged to Raymond gradeⅡand 2 belonged to Raymond gradeⅢ.Follow-up DSA performed three months after the treatment revealed that 20 aneurysms were Raymond gradeⅠ,3 aneurysms were Raymond gradeⅡand 2 aneurysms were Raymond gradeⅢ.Three months after the treatment the mRS scorewas 0 point in 17 patients and one point in one patient,and the prognosis of these patients was good;the mRS score was 4-6 points in 2 patients,and the prognosis of the two patients was poor.ConclusionFor the treatment of intracranial wide-necked aneurysms located at artery bifurcation sites,balloon combined with stent-assisted steel-coil embolization has obvious advantages.(J Intervent Radiol,2015,24:463-466)
balloon;stent;coil;intracranial aneurysm;bifurcation
R743.3
A
1008-794X(2015)-06-0463-04
2015-01-14)
(本文编辑:边佶)
10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2015.06.001
650032云南昆明昆明医科大学第一附属医院影像科
赵卫E-mail:kyyyzhaowei@foxmail.com