冠状动脉介入治疗后支架内再狭窄相关因素
2015-10-28潘春仰邱建平陆林张奇张瑞岩沈卫峰
潘春仰,邱建平,陆林,张奇,张瑞岩,沈卫峰
·心脏介入Cardiac intervention·
冠状动脉介入治疗后支架内再狭窄相关因素
潘春仰,邱建平,陆林,张奇,张瑞岩,沈卫峰
目的探讨冠状动脉药物洗脱支架(DES)植入术后支架内再狭窄(ISR)相关因素。方法选择2010年9月至2014年9月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院治疗的连续258例雷帕霉素DES植入术后至少1年冠状动脉造影复查确诊为ISR患者(ISR组)和同期262例年龄和性别匹配但无ISR患者(对照组),比较两组患者临床特征、生化指标、术后用药、超声心动图左室射血分数(LVEF)及DES植入治疗特征,采用多因素Logistic回归方法分析与ISR相关因素。结果与对照组相比,ISR组患者既往心肌梗死史、糖尿病和吸烟多见,血清高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、糖化血红蛋白、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和载脂蛋白B水平显著增高,但LVEF减低(P均<0.05)。尽管两组冠状动脉病变数和支架植入部位无显著差异,但ISR组支架直径较小、长度较长,分叉病变多见(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示既往心肌梗死史、糖尿病、吸烟、hs-CRP、LDL-C、支架长度是ISR独立危险因素,而支架直径、LVEF与ISR呈负相关。结论雷帕霉素DES植入术后ISR发生与多个临床和冠状动脉病变或介入因素相关,有效控制冠心病危险因素、改善左心室功能,对预防ISR具有重要作用,尤其是小血管、长支架和分叉病变患者。
冠心病;冠状动脉介入治疗;药物洗脱支架;再狭窄
药物洗脱支架(DES)临床应用使得经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后支架内再狭窄(ISR)和靶血管再次血运重建明显减少。但由于越来越多高危患者和复杂冠状动脉病变患者接受介入治疗,ISR发生率仍高达5%~20%[1-2]。研究发现,ISR发生机制复杂,但主要与血管损伤、炎症反应、平滑肌细胞增生相关[3]。最近研究显示ISR患者内膜增厚也可发生动脉粥样硬化,引起斑块破裂和冠状动脉血栓性阻塞[4]。因此,监测ISR相关因素具有重要实用价值,以便临床医师在PCI术后对某些高危患者或复杂病变采取有效预防措施,改善PCI术总体预后[5-7]。本研究回顾性分析连续258例雷帕霉素DES植入术后1年或1年以上冠状动脉造影复查确诊为ISR患者的临床、冠状动脉造影和介入治疗特征,探讨雷帕霉素DES植入术后ISR相关因素。
1 材料与方法
1.1研究对象
2010年9月至2014年9月,5 320例患者在上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院心内科接受DES植入术。其中连续258例雷帕霉素DES植入术后1年或1年以上经冠状动脉造影复查确诊为ISR患者(ISR组;男性189例,女性69例,年龄37~86岁)入选本研究,选择同期262例年龄和性别匹配但无ISR患者(男性187例,女性75例,年龄41~80岁)作为对照组。详细记录患者临床特征,如冠心病危险因素、既往血运重建如冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)或PCI情况、心肌梗死史和术后药物治疗。将每天至少吸烟1支、连续1年以上长期吸烟而戒烟半年以内者定义为吸烟;高脂血症诊断依据《2007年中国成人血脂异常防治指南》;高血压诊断依据《2010年中国高血压防治指南》标准,即收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg,或正在服用降压药物者;糖尿病诊断参照《2007年中国2型糖尿病防治指南》。采用超声心动图与Simpson方法测定左心室舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)和左室射血分数(LVEF)。
本研究方案经我院伦理委员会批准,所有患者在接受冠状动脉造影复查前均签署知情同意书。
1.2生化指标检测
采集各例空腹12 h静脉血,检测空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、载脂蛋白A、载脂蛋白B、脂蛋白a、胱抑素C、肌酐和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)等。
1.3冠状动脉造影及PCI术治疗
各例于充分双联抗血小板治疗后,经桡动脉路径行冠状动脉造影和雷帕霉素DES植入术,术中给予适量肝素。造影结果由2名经验丰富的冠状动脉介入医师分析,左主干(LM)、左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)或右冠状动脉(RCA)管腔内径减小≥50%时视为有意义病变。记录植入支架所处血管部位、病变性质(慢性完全闭塞、分叉及弥漫病变)以及支架枚数、直径、长度。ISR定义为原支架内或支架两端5 mm内狭窄程度≥50%。ISR≥75%伴临床症状时,再次行血运重建治疗(通常再次植入支架)。手术成功标准为残余狭窄≤20%、心肌梗死溶栓(TIMI)血流分级Ⅲ级且无急性并发症。
1.4统计学处理
采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行统计学分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,组间比较用t检验;计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较用χ2检验。采用多因素Logistic回归分析,计算比值比(OR)及95%可信区间(95%CI),P<0.05视为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1临床特征比较
与对照组相比,ISR组患者既往心肌梗死史、糖尿病和吸烟发生率增高,LVEF明显减低,血清hs-CRP、HbA1c、LDL-C和载脂蛋白B水平明显增高(P<0.05),但高血压发生率、高脂血症发生率、空腹血糖、三酰甘油、胱抑素C水平、药物治疗无显著差异(P>0.05)(表1)。
表1 ISR组和对照组患者临床特征比较
2.2冠状动脉病变及PCI术治疗比较
尽管两组患者冠状动脉病变部位、血管支数和狭窄程度无显著差异,但ISR组患者比对照组患者病变(支架)长度更长、支架直径减小(P<0.05);支架(靶血管)直径<3 mm患者ISR发生率显著高于支架直径≥3 mm者(54.26%对45.74%,P<0.05);此外,分叉病变经PCI术治疗后ISR发生率增高,但慢性完全阻塞病变对ISR无影响(表2)。
ISR组258例患者中202例狭窄程度≥75%且有临床症状,其中187例(72.5%)接受再次冠状动脉内支架植入术(成功率100%),15例(5.81%)接受CABG术;其余56例狭窄程度为50%~75%患者接受内科药物治疗。
表2 ISR组和对照组冠状动脉病变及PCI术治疗参数比较
2.3多因素Logistic回归分析
将单因素分析中有显著差异的参数作为自变量,以ISR作为因变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果显示,既往心肌梗死史、糖尿病、吸烟、hs-CRP、LDL-C、支架长度与ISR呈正相关,而LVEF和支架直径与ISR呈负相关(表3)。
表3 Logistic回归分析影响PCI后ISR的独立因素
3 讨论
本研究结果表明,雷帕霉素DES植入术后ISR发生与多个临床因素如既往心肌梗死史、糖尿病、血脂异常和吸烟,血清hs-CRP增高,冠状动脉病变(小血管和长病变等)或介入因素以及LVEF减低相关;有效控制冠心病危险因素、改善左心室功能,对预防ISR具有重要作用,尤其是对小血管、长支架和分叉病变患者。
PCI术时导管操作及支架本身引起的冠状动脉机械性刺激和损伤,可促进平滑肌细胞和炎性细胞增殖迁移,导致内膜增生[3]。尽管DES植入使得PCI术后总ISR发生率降低,但某些冠心病危险因素加重了ISR发生。糖尿病已被公认为PCI(单纯球囊扩张或支架植入)术后发生ISR和靶病变再次血运重建的独立危险因素[8]。本研究结果进一步支持以往报道糖尿病患者是ISR高发人群[9]。糖尿病引起DES再狭窄机制极其复杂,我们以往研究发现糖尿病猪植入雷帕霉素DES后发生ISR,可能与整合素样金属蛋白酶(ADAM)10和脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)4等细胞因子增高有关[10-11]。大量临床研究表明,有效控制血糖能预防PCI术后ISR[12]。HbA1c作为血糖水平检测指标,日益受到临床医师及科研人员重视。我们在本研究中也发现,ISR组患者HbA1c较对照组明显升高,这与以往相关研究报道一致[13]。但是,该变量未进入多因素Logistic回归,考虑可能与自变量间有共线性有关。
吸烟不仅损伤内皮细胞,而且增高血浆纤维蛋白原水平,使血液处于高凝状态;同时,吸烟促进血管内皮细胞增殖,加速ISR发生[14]。Sahara等[15]研究发现,弥散型或局灶型ISR患者中约有3/4患者吸烟。本研究显示ISR组患者吸烟发生率显著高于对照组。Apelberg等[16]研究提示戒烟使冠心病远期死亡风险降低36%。我们以往研究也发现戒烟使ISR和血运再次重建率减低。但值得指出的是,戒烟后控制体重增加是改善患者临床预后的关键[17]。本研究还提示PCI术后LDL-C增高将增加ISR发生,这与以往报道一致[18]。
有研究表明,hs-CRP增高与动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂及支架植入后内膜增生相关[19]。本研究中ISR组患者hs-CRP水平较对照组明显升高,提示支架植入后ISR发生与局部炎性反应有关;左心室功能状态是影响冠心病患者预后的重要因素。本组多因素Logistic回归分析显示LVEF与ISR呈负相关,提示LVEF为ISR保护因素。以往meta分析表明左心室功能下降的冠心病患者存活心肌越多,获益越显著[20]。本组患者既往心肌梗死史是ISR的一个危险因素,考虑可能与伴发陈旧性心肌梗死患者心功能减低更为严重、冠状动脉病变更加复杂(如多支病变、分叉病变、慢性完全闭塞病变)有关,而且再发心肌缺血对左心室功能低下患者的影响更加明显。有研究表明PCI术后再发心肌梗死,是左心室功能减低患者长期生存率降低的最重要的独立危险因素[21]。
有趣的是,我们发现某些DES特征与ISR发生相关[13]。支架(血管)直径较小或(和)长度较长,则增加ISR风险,这可能是因为在对小血管病变行PCI术时导丝或支架输送过程中容易损伤血管内膜,流经直径小、长度大的支架(血管)血流量偏小,血管阻力增加,支架释放需要更大压力的缘故[22-23]。显然,即使内膜增生程度相似,直径较小支架(血管)将产生更多管腔内径丢失,ISR程度更严重。植入长支架时损伤血管内膜面积增加,炎性反应加剧。本研究中ISR组患者分叉病变支架植入术较对照组显著增多,但分叉支架植入术并非ISR独立危险因素。这与以往报道不一致[24-25],但原因不太清楚,可能与本研究样本量较小有关。Colombo等[24]研究发现分叉病变经DES植入治疗后ISR发生率为18.7%~28%,尤其多发于分支血管开口处。相关生物力学研究表明,PCI(支架植入)术后6个月随访时ISR患者与非ISR患者相比,同一血管段剪切应力相对增高[26]。
本研究的局限性:回顾性研究、样本量较小,不能完全排除病例选择偏倚因素,还需进一步开展大样本量前瞻性研究,以证实ISR对临床预后的作用。另外,本研究仅测定雷帕霉素DES植入后ISR情况,对新一代DES(如依维莫司或佐他莫司DES)尚需进一步研究。
总之,雷帕霉素DES植入术后ISR是综合因素作用的结果,有效控制冠心病危险因素、改善左心室功能,对预防ISR具有重要作用。
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Investigation of factors related to the occurrence of in-stent restenosis after percutaneous coronaryintervention
PAN Chun-yang,QIU Jian-ping,LU Lin,ZHANG Qi,ZHANG Rui-yan,SHEN Wei-feng. Ningxia Medical University,Yinchuan,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004,China
SHEN Wei-feng,E-mail:rjshenweifeng@126.com
ObjectiveTo investigate the factors related to the occurrence of in-stent restenosis(ISR)after percutaneous coronary drug-eluting stent(DES)implantation.MethodsA total of 258 consecutive patients with coronary angiography confirmed ISR that occurred at least one year after coronary sirolimuseluting stent implantation,who were encountered at the Affiliated Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University during the period from September 2010 to September 2014,were collected as ISR group;and other 260 age-and sex-matched patients with no ISR at least one year after coronary sirolimus-eluting stent implantation,who were encountered at the same hospital and during the same period,were collected as the control group.The clinical characteristics,biochemical measurements,postoperative medications,left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),and coronary interventional features were determined;using multivariate logistic regression analysis the independent factors related to the occurrence of ISR were evaluated.Results Compared to the control group,in ISR group the history of previous myocardial infarction,presence of diabetes mellitus and cigarette smokers were more often seen;serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),glycosylated hemoglobin,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)and apoliprotein B in ISR group were significantly increased(P<0.05),while LVEF was decreased(P<0.05).Although the number of coronary lesions and the site of stent implantation were quite similar in both groups,the stents used in ISRgroup were smaller and longer(P<0.05),and bifurcation stenting procedure was more employed in ISR group(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that the history of previous myocardial infarction,diabetes,cigarette smoking,elevated serum hs-CRP and LDL-C levels,and longer stent length were independent risk factors for the occurrence of ISR,whereas stent diameter and LVEF bore a negative correlation with ISR.ConclusionThe occurrence of ISR after coronary sirolimus-eluting stent implantation is related to multiple clinical and coronary angiographic and interventional factors.Effective control of risk factors of coronary heart disease and improvement of left ventricular function play an important role in preventing ISR,especially for the patients who has small vessel disease,and in whom longer stents are employed and bifurcation stenting procedure is carried out.(J Intervent Radiol,2015,24:467-471)
coronary heart disease;percutaneous coronary intervention;drug-eluting stent;restenosis
R528.1
A
1008-794X(2015)-06-0467-05
2015-03-26)
(本文编辑:边佶)
10.3969/j.issn.1008-794X.2015.06.002
750004宁夏银川宁夏医科大学(潘春仰);200135上海市浦东新区公利医院心内科(潘春仰、邱建平);200025上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院心内科(陆林、张奇、张瑞岩、沈卫峰)
沈卫峰E-mail:rjshenweifeng@126.com