儿童1b基因型丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗效果分析
2015-04-21谢新宝王晓红
谢新宝 胡 姚 张 婷 陆 怡 王晓红 俞 蕙
·论著·
儿童1b基因型丙型肝炎抗病毒治疗效果分析
谢新宝1,3胡 姚1,3张 婷2陆 怡1王晓红1俞 蕙1
目的 了解儿童1b基因型丙型肝炎(丙肝)的临床特点,探讨聚乙二醇干扰素α(PEG-IFN α)或普通干扰素α(IFN-α)联合利巴韦林(RBV)的疗效和不良事件。方法 收集复旦大学附属儿科医院感染传染科2011年11月至2014年12月收治的丙肝连续病例,截取其临床表现、治疗前基线、治疗期间HCV RNA等实验室指标和不良事件,行描述性分析。结果 10例1b型丙肝患儿进入分析,男8例,女2例;确诊时平均年龄37.1个月(8月龄至6.6岁)。10例均无明显临床症状,2例为母婴传播,8例非母婴传播(4例疑为输液器污染而感染,4例原因不明)。①治疗前9例HCV-Ab阳性,8例HCV RNA载量>1×103IU·mL-1,5例ALT和AST轻度升高;7例行肝脏组织活检:1例提示肝脏轻度脂肪变性;炎症活动度2例G1级,3例G2级,1例G3级;纤维化程度分期1例S0期,3例S1期,2例S2期;②7例接受了PEG-IFN α或IFN-α联合RBV治疗,6例治疗12周HCV RNA载量均<1×103IU·mL-1,1例治疗4周HCV RNA载量<1×103IU·mL-1,仍在治疗随访中;2例未接受抗病毒药物治疗,分别随访了16周和24周,HCV RNA持续<1×103IU·mL-1,肝功能持续正常;1例母婴传播8月龄患儿未予抗病毒药物治疗,出院后失访;③7例抗病毒治疗患儿均未观察到严重的不良事件,治疗初期均有发热,治疗4周1例出现WBC轻度降低,PLT出现3次一过性降低,Hb均无异常。结论 1b基因型丙肝患儿肝脏组织炎症和纤维化程度均较轻。PEG-IFN α或IFN-α联合RBV治疗儿童1b基因型丙肝反应良好,未见严重的不良事件。
儿童; 丙型肝炎; 聚乙二醇干扰素α; 干扰素α; 利巴韦林
丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染易导致慢性化,55%~85%的成人急性感染后可发展为慢性丙型肝炎(丙肝)[1],目前尚无有效疫苗可预防HCV感染。儿童HCV感染的抗病毒治疗虽尚有争议,目前聚乙二醇干扰素α(PEG-IFNα)或普通IFN-α联合利巴韦林(RBV)为国际公认有效的儿童丙肝抗病毒治疗方案[2,3]。目前国内关于丙肝患儿的治疗共有54例病例系列报告,23例为非初治病例,且未分析不同基因型丙肝病例的疗效[4]。本文回顾性分析复旦大学附属儿科医院(我院)收治1b基因型丙肝患儿的临床特征、治疗效果等资料,报告如下。
1 方法
1.1 病例纳入和排除标准 检索我院电子病案系统,符合以下条件的病例被纳入:①我院感染传染科2011年11月至2014年12月住院和门诊治疗和随访的1b基因型的丙肝患儿;②行抗HCV、抗HAV-IgM、乙肝5项、抗HDV、抗HEV、抗-HIV和自身免疫性肝炎抗体检测,排除HAV、HBV、HDV、HEV、HIV感染和自身免疫性肝炎的病例。
1.2 诊断和分型标准 丙肝的诊断符合中华医学会丙肝防治指南(2004年)标准[5]。直接测序法[6]检测HCV基因型(艾迪康医学检验中心检测)。
1.3 治疗原则 根据欧洲儿童丙肝防治指南,丙肝患儿有持续性肝酶异常或疾病进展征象(如肝纤维化)可考虑抗病毒治疗[3],采用PEG-IFN α或IFN-α联合RBV治疗方案。根据患儿年龄,选用不同剂型的IFN-α,>3岁选用长效PEG-IFNα-2a,每周104 μg·m-2皮下注射,疗程为48周;≤3岁选用短效IFN α-2b,每次3 MIU·m-2,每周3次肌肉或皮下注射;RBV 10~15 mg·kg-1·d-1,分2~3次口服。
1.4 资料截取 在病史中截取以下指标进行描述性分析,包括①一般情况:年龄、性别、传播方式等;②治疗前血常规、HCV-RNA载量、ALT、AST、总胆红素(TB)、直接胆红素(DB)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)、总胆汁酸(TBA)等指标;③治疗前肝脏病理学检查结果,包括肝脏炎症活动度分级和纤维化程度分期;④治疗药物的剂量和疗程,治疗期间不同时间点的HCV-RNA载量、ALT和AST水平等;⑤治疗期间的不良事件发生情况:PEG-IFN α或IFN-α联合RBV治疗儿童HCV感染的主要不良事件有流感样症状、骨髓抑制、食欲下降和可逆的身高、体重发育延迟等[7~9]。
2 结果
2.1 一般情况 10例1b基因型丙肝患儿进入分析,男8例,女2例;确诊时平均年龄37.1月(8个月至6.6岁)。10例均未见明显临床症状。10例均无血制品应用史,2例为母婴传播,因其母亲有丙肝病史而行体检发现该病;8例非母婴传播,4例疑为输液器污染而感染,4例原因不明,均因其他疾病住院时检查发现,遂来就诊。
2.2 治疗前基线资料
2.2.1 实验室检查结果 表1显示,1例HCV-Ab阴性,9例HCV-Ab阳性。血HCV RNA定量检测:HCV RNA载量<1×103IU·mL-12例,~1×104IU·mL-11例,~1×106IU·mL-14例,>1×106IU·mL-13例。血生化:TB、DB、AKP、CHEW、TBA均正常,5例 ALT(50~306 U·L-1)、AST(42~159 U·L-1)轻度升高。
2.2.2 肝脏组织活检病理结果 表1显示,7例行肝脏组织活检:例9提示肝脏轻度脂肪变性;炎症活动度2例G11级,3例G2级,1例G3级;例2纤维化程度S0期,3例S1期,2例S2期。
2.3 治疗效果 7例接受了PEG-IFN α或IFN-α联合RBV治疗,其中例1基线肝酶虽正常,但肝活检为G1S1,提示轻度肝纤维化征象,虽年龄<3岁,在家长知情同意后行抗病毒治疗;6例治疗12周HCV RNA载量均<1×103IU·mL-1,1例治疗4周HCV RNA载量<1×103IU·mL-1,仍在治疗中;转氨酶异常的5例在治疗12周时,3例ALT、AST正常,2例(例7、10)ALT和AST分别为73、90 U·L-1和48、58 U·L-1。
2.4 抗病毒治疗不良事件 7例抗病毒治疗患儿均未观察到严重的不良事件,治疗初期均有发热。治疗4周时例2出现WBC轻度降低(3.4×109·L-1),予利血生治疗24周恢复正常;PLT出现3次一过性降低,分别为98、86和76×109·L-1,1周左右均自行恢复正常;Hb均无异常。
2.5 随访情况 接受抗病毒治疗的7例患儿中,例1和5完成了治疗,例1结束治疗后随访了32周,HCV RNA<1×103IU·mL-1,肝功能持续正常;例5治疗结束后未来院随访。3例(例3、4、9)未接受抗病毒药物治疗,例3和4分别随访了16周和24周,HCV RNA持续阴性,肝功能持续正常,基本情况良好;例9为8月龄母婴传播患儿出院后失访。
3 讨论
HCV是一种嗜肝RNA病毒,具有很高的变异性,至今尚无有效疫苗预防HCV感染。HCV传播方式呈多样性,包括血液传播、性传播、母婴传播、唾液传播和日常接触传播等[10, 11]。随着中国严格执行血液筛查制度以来,通过输血感染HCV的可能性明显降低 , 通过其他方式感染HCV的可能性相对增加 , 使得HCV感染方式呈现明显的多样化[12~14]。本文10例患儿均无血制品应用史,2例为母婴传播,8例非母婴传播(4例疑为输液器污染而感染,4例原因不明),但由于样本量小,有关儿童HCV感染的传播方式需进一步的数据支持。
儿童HCV感染的抗病毒治疗尚有争议。有学者主张感染HCV的儿童不进行抗病毒治疗,认为儿童感染HCV后自限清除病毒的可能性高,且进展为肝硬化等严重肝脏疾病的概率较低[2],抗病毒治疗应答率与成人相比无明显增加且不良事件较多,甚至出现严重不良事件[7],建议随访观察至成年后再根据情况决定治疗方案。也有观点认为感染HCV的>1岁患儿血清转氨酶持续升高或出现肝硬化等疾病进展征象时,应进行抗病毒治疗,能获得较高的持续病毒学应答(SVR)[15]。
IFN-α是抗HCV的有效药物,包括普通IFN-α和PEG-IFN α[16, 17]。目前,慢性丙肝标准抗病毒治疗方案为PEG-IFN α联合RBV,其次为普通IFN-α联合RBV治疗方案,疗效均优于单用IFN-α[18~20]。大型临床注册试验评估PEG-IFN α-2b联合RBV治疗初治丙肝患者总的SVR率为60%[21]。儿童慢性丙肝抗病毒治疗与成人一致[3, 7,22]。
丙肝抗病毒疗效受到多种因素影响。HCV基因分型对抗病毒疗效的影响较大。多项研究认为1基因型和4基因型对于PEG-IFN α联合RBV标准治疗方案的反应较2基因型和3基因型差,2基因型丙肝患者的反应性差于3基因型[9, 23,24]。国外多中心研究PEG-IFN α联合RBV治疗慢性丙肝患儿,1、4基因型患儿SVR率为52%,2、3基因型SVR率为89%[6]。同时2、3基因型仅需要治疗24周,RBV用量为800 mg·d-1即可达到70%~80%的SVR率;而1基因型需48周疗程,RBV用量应达到1 000~1 200 mg·d-1,即使采用长效PEG-IFN α和RBV联合治疗,SVR率也仅为40%~50%[9]。本文10例丙肝患儿基因型均为1b基因型,理论上为较难获得SVR的基因型,但接受PEG-IFN α或IFN-α联合RBV方案治疗的7例患儿在治疗第12周时HCV RNA载量均<1×103IU·mL-1,达到了早期病毒学应答(EVR),在之后的治疗随访中,HCV RNA持续<1×103IU·mL-1;与既往文献报道1型丙肝成人患者的SVR结论不一致,可能与本文病例均为初治病例和年龄较小有关。
抗病毒治疗前血清HCV RNA载量对抗病毒疗效的影响目前尚无一致观点。多项研究认为抗病毒治疗前HCV RNA载量与疗效呈负相关,Saludes等[25]研究报道治疗前HCV RNA水平低时,治疗反应率高;停药6个月后HCV RNA水平仍回升至治疗前的水平,提示治疗前丙肝患者HCV RNA的水平可预测IFN的治疗效果。但周友乾等[26]的研究认为抗病毒治疗前HCV RNA载量对抗病毒疗效无明显影响。本文HCV RNA>1×106IU·mL-13例,予PEG-IFN α或IFN-α联合RBV治疗后<1×103IU·mL-1,仍在治疗随访中,尚未发现HCV RNA载量与抗病毒疗效之间的明确量效关系,值得进一步观察。
本文7例抗病毒治疗患儿治疗过程中未观察到严重的不良事件,治疗初期均有发热;治疗4周时例2出现WBC轻度降低,给予利血生治疗24周后恢复正常,PLT出现3次一过性降低,1周左右均自行恢复正常,Hb均无异常。有关HCV感染患儿应用PEG-IFN α或IFN-α联合RBV治疗的不良事件仍有待继续观察。
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(本文编辑:丁俊杰)
Efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon-alpha combined with ribavirin treatment for children with hepatitis C genotype 1b
XIEXin-bao1,3,HUYao1,3,ZHANGTing2,LUYi1,WANGXiao-hong1,YUHui1(1DepartmentofInfectiousDiseases,TheChildren′sHospital,FudanUniversity,Shanghai201102; 2DepartmentofGastroenterology,ShanghaiChildren′sHospital,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai200040,China; 3Equalcontributiontothestudy)
YU Hui,E-mail: yuhui4756@sina.com.cn
ObjectiveTo realize the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon-alpha or interferon-alpha plus ribavirin in the treatment of children with hepatitis C genotype 1b.MethodsClinical manifestations, baseline characteristics, hepatitis C virus RNA levels during treatment and adverse events were retrospectively analyzed children with hepatitis C genotype 1b who visited Children's Hospital of Fudan University from November 2011 to December 2014.ResultsTen children patients with hepatitis C genotype 1b were recruited, including 8 boys and 2 girls. The mean age of the patients was 37.1 months (8 months to 6.6 years old). All children had no obvious clinical manifestations, 2 were infected by mother-to-child and 8 were infected by other uncertain ways. ①Before treatment, 9 patients with hepatitis C antibody positive, HCV viral loads were higher than 1×103IU·mL-1in 8 patients; 5 children had mild alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase elevated. Liver biopsies were performed in 7 children, pathological results showed mild steatosis, liver tissue inflammation grade G1to G3, liver tissue fibrosis stage S0to S2. ②Four children were treated with pegylated interferon-alpha plus ribavirin and three children were treated with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin. Six patients became HCV RNA negative (<1×103IU·mL-1) after 12-week treatment (early virological response, EVR) and kept HCV RNA negative during 36-48 treatment weeks. One patient became HCV RNA negative after 4-week treatment, and was still in treatment. Two cases who maintained HCV RNA negative and normal liver function received no antiviral treatment. ③No severe adverse events were observed in the 7 children who received treatment. Pyrexia occurred in all of the children at the beginning of treatment. After 4-week treatment, 1 child had a moderate reduce of white blood cells, platelets decreased transiently three times and hemoglobin level remained normal.ConclusionLiver tissue inflammation and fibrosis are relatively mild in the children with hepatitis C genotype 1b. The regimen consisted of pegylated interferon-alpha or interferon-alpha and ribavirin achieves a good response in our children with hepatitis C genotype 1b. No severe adverse events occurred and most of the patients well tolerate the therapy.
Child; Hepatitis C; Pegylated interferon-alpha; Interferon-alpha; Ribavirin
上海市科委自然科学基金:12ZR1403500
1 复旦大学附属儿科医院感染传染科 上海,201102;2 上海交通大学附属儿童医院消化科 上海,200040;3 共同第一作者
俞蕙,E-mail:yuhui4756@sina.com.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2015.01.012
2014-12-03
2015-02-01)