人胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂的作用机制
2015-01-25翁建平中山大学附属第三医院广东中山510630
翁建平 (中山大学附属第三医院,广东 中山 510630)
人胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂的作用机制
翁建平(中山大学附属第三医院,广东中山510630)
〔关键词〕胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂;糖尿病
第一作者:翁建平(1965-),男,教授,主任医师,主要从事2型糖尿病早期治疗及1型糖尿病管理研究。
1987年Nauck等〔1,2〕人证实了肠促胰素效应的存在,且发现2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者餐后胰高血糖素样肽(GLP)-1水平较正常人明显降低,这提示肠促胰素异常可能是T2DM的发病机制之一。此后,两种重要的肠促胰素,葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽(GIP)与GLP-1被相继发现。但由于GIP在T2DM患者中的分泌接近正常或仅轻微下降,促胰岛素分泌作用相对较弱,对α细胞也无作用,而GLP-1在这些方面有明显的优势,所以更适合作为治疗T2DM的新靶点〔3〕。GLP-1由回肠与结肠段黏膜层的L细胞分泌,主要通过与胰岛β细胞膜上的特异受体结合,呈葡萄糖依赖性地促进胰岛素分泌〔4〕。但天然GLP-1可被体内二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)迅速降解,半衰期不足2 min,限制了其临床应用〔5〕。2005年4月,首个GLP-1RA药物艾塞那肽在美国上市〔6〕。至今,已有多种GLP-1 RA进入3期临床或被批准上市。GLP-1RA的降糖作用机制主要包括促进葡萄糖依赖的胰岛素分泌、抑制餐后胰高血糖素的分泌以及减缓胃排空,其促进胰岛素分泌的作用呈葡萄糖依赖性。GLP-1RA主要通过腺苷酸环化酶途径(cAMP)途径来调节血糖水平〔7〕。体内的血糖浓度决定了β细胞内的三磷酸腺苷(ATP)/二磷酸腺苷(ADP)比值,高血糖时该比值升高,ATP依赖的钾通道关闭,导致细胞膜去极化,胰岛素分泌。低血糖时该比值下降,则无法触发胰岛素分泌的启动机制。GLP-1的作用机制类似于调制解调器,它能增强β细胞对血糖的反应性,从而放大这一反馈行为。此外,GLP-1在高血糖时可显著抑制胰高血糖素分泌,而在低血糖时则会轻度增加胰高血糖素分泌,以维持血糖稳态〔8〕。GLP-1RA也可能通过与α细胞结合直接抑制胰高血糖素的释放〔9〕。也有研究表明,对健康受试者和T2DM患者外源性输注GLP-1后,胃排空时间延长,减慢缓营养物质的吸收,降低餐后血糖〔10,11〕。除了上述降糖作用之外,GLP-1RA的其他一些临床效用也越来越受到关注。
1 改善胰岛β细胞功能、促进其增殖并防止凋亡
T2DM患者的临床研究显示,GLP-1RA治疗能显著改善β细胞功能。一项长达3年的临床研究显示,GLP-1RA长期治疗能持续改善胰岛处置指数〔12〕。另外,对LEAD研究进行荟萃分析显示,GLP-1RA治疗26 w显著改善患者的胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-B)水平〔13〕。Kwon等〔14〕的研究显示,GLP-1RA可能通过降低内质网应急反应基因的表达,促进β细胞的增殖与新生,减少其凋亡。Nagakubo等〔15〕研究发现,GLP-1RA亦促进fa/fa糖尿病模型小鼠胰岛β细胞的增殖。
2 舒张血管、降压、内皮保护和心肌保护功能
6项随机临床试验的合并分析显示,GLP-1RA每日1. 2 mg(P=0. 002 9)和1. 8 mg(P=0. 000 4)治疗T2DM患者,26 w后收缩压与安慰剂相比显著下降〔16〕;在与双相门冬胰岛素比较的研究中,GLP-1RA组患者的收缩压(P<0. 001)和舒张压(P<0. 03)的平均降幅均具统计学意义〔17〕。Ozyazgan等〔18〕发现糖尿病大鼠经腹腔注射GLP-1和GLP-1RA可以使受损的血管张力恢复正常。Nystrom等〔19〕也发现患有冠状动脉疾病的T2DM患者使用GLP-1可以改善内皮功能失调。Lonborg等〔20〕发现,GLP-1RA治疗的STEMI的心梗患者,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(pPCI)后90 d的心肌抢救指数显著好于安慰剂组(P = 0. 003)。糖尿病大血管病变是糖尿病患者致死致残的重要原因,而血管内皮细胞功能异常在病变中有重要作用。有效的控制血糖、抑制糖尿病的进展能减轻血管内皮的损伤程度。动物实验表明,GLP-1RA主要通过抑制损伤后血管内膜增殖来保护糖尿病状态下的内皮损伤,同时对非糖尿病状态下的血管内皮也有保护作用。
3 降低食欲和神经保护作用
GLP-1受体同时表达于中枢神经系统。GLP-1RA能够迅速通过血脑屏障,进入中枢神经系统〔21〕。药理学数据表明在脑腹侧覆盖区(VTA),伏隔核(NAc核心)及NAc外壳的GLP-1受体被激活后,可降低食欲和体重〔22〕。
Teramoto等〔23〕发现,GLP-1RA显著减少局灶性脑缺血小鼠梗死面积,改善了功能缺损,同时显著抑制了再灌注后的氧化应激等,具有对抗脑缺血再灌损伤的神经保护作用。在阿尔茨海默病的小鼠中,使用GLP-1RA治疗,小鼠的空间记忆得到了改善,大脑内的淀粉斑块减少了33%,齿状核内的神经祖细胞增加了50%,提示GLP-1受体激动剂不仅有神经保护作用,可能还可以逆转一些关键的病理变化〔24〕。
4 调节肾脏水和电解质的稳态及改善糖尿病肾病
Gutzwiller等〔25〕在健康成年男性中的研究表明,GLP-1可以作用于肾脏近端肾小管,增加尿钠排泄并减少钠重吸收,从而避免体液扩张,提示GLP-1在维持钠水平衡中有着重要作用。Park等〔26〕研究发现长期使用(连续8 w)GLP-1RA可以通过改善代谢异常,使db/db小鼠的糖尿病肾病得到缓解。
5 改善多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者的月经紊乱及降低肝脏脂肪含量
胰岛素抵抗和肥胖是PCOS的共同特征。一项随机对照研究〔27〕发现,GLP-1RA单药或与二甲双胍联合治疗均能增加PCOS患者的月经频率,且联合治疗优于单药治疗。T2DM患者中非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的发生率高。一项前瞻性研究〔28〕分析了GLP-1受体激动剂对肝内脂肪(IHL)的影响。结果显示,GLP-1受体激动剂能显著降低肝脏内的脂肪含量。
GLP-1RA给T2DM患者提供了新的治疗选择。除降糖之外,GLP-1RA还有诸多益处,如改善β细胞功能,潜在的心血管、神经及肾脏保护作用,改善PCOS患者月经紊乱,以及降低肝内脂肪含量等。随着研究的进展,GLP-1RA除使T2DM患者获益外,还有可能辅助治疗其他疾病。
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〔2015-03-20修回〕
(编辑曹梦园)
〔文章编号〕1005-9202(2015)20-5981-03;
doi:10. 3969/j. issn. 1005-9202. 2015. 20. 148
〔文献标识码〕A
〔中图分类号〕R587