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不同方法治疗轻度肾功能不全并发心绞痛患者的临床观察

2014-12-31杨新滨王明毅张宇静关红徐健

中国当代医药 2014年34期
关键词:心绞痛

杨新滨++++++王明毅++++++张宇静++++++关红++++++徐健

[摘要] 目的 观察单纯药物与PCI治疗轻度肾功能不全合并心绞痛患者的效果及安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2009年1月~2014年6月入院的轻度肾功能不全并发心绞痛患者,单纯药物治疗66例(药物组),PCI治疗68例(PCI组),PCI组检测入院时、术后及出院时的血肌酐水平,药物组检测入院时及出院时血肌酐水平及两组终点事件发生率。 结果 PCI组术后、出院时血肌酐水平较基线相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.5);两组基线、出院时血肌酐水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.5)。药物组复合终点发生率(16.67%)高于PCI组(4.41%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.04)。 结论 PCI治疗与药物保守治疗相比,临床症状缓解率高,虽有造影剂肾病发生,但急性肾衰及需透析风险不高,较药物治疗对轻度肾功不全的患者更有益。

[关键词] 轻度肾功不全;心绞痛;冠脉介入;造影剂肾病

[中图分类号] R692 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)12(a)-0044-03

近年研究发现,轻度肾功不全患者心力衰竭、心肌梗死及脑卒中等事件的发生率明显高于正常人群,轻度肾功能不全是心血管事件重要的、独立的危险因素[1-3]。冠心病是终末期肾病的重要死因[4],介入诊疗技术的推广明显改善了冠心病患者的症状及预后,但造影剂对肾功能的损伤成为选择的障碍。本研究主要探讨两种治疗方法的效果。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

收集本院2009年1月~2014年6月入院治疗患者,存在轻度肾功能不全(肾小球滤过率在60~89 ml/min)的冠心病、心绞痛患者,所有患者诊断符合中华医学会心血管分会颁布《不稳定型心绞痛诊断和治疗建议》的标准。排除标准:心功能Ⅲ级以上,肾小球滤过率<60 ml/min,急慢性感染、血液透析中,血糖控制不达标,恶性肿瘤及造影剂过敏患者。将所有患者分为两组,单纯药物治疗66例(药物组),PCI治疗68例(PCI组),药物组男性32例,女性34例,平均年龄(61.44±8.64)岁;PCI组男性37例,女性31例,平均年龄(61.45±8.64)岁,水化治疗为43.7%,对比剂肾病发生3例,发生率为4.41%。两组患者的年龄、性别、吸烟、危险因素(糖尿病史、高血压病史及脑卒中史)等比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 方法

住院期间两组均给予抗心绞痛常规治疗,包括阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、硝酸酯类、低分子肝素等药物。诊断性造影及介入治疗均按标准方法[5]进行,手术时间及术式不做限制。根据临床医生对患者病情进行评估,根据患者血管病变特点采用相应的导丝和支架。由临床医生自行决定患者是否进行水化,如实施水化,则按下列方案进行:术前及术后6~12 h给予等渗生理盐水,以1 ml/(kg·h)的速度进行水化。介入治疗术前避免应用肾毒性药物,如利尿剂、非甾体抗炎药、二甲双胍等,造影剂为优微显370(德国先灵公司)。

1.3 观察指标

收集PCI组患者入院时,术后第2、3天(取术后高值)及出院时的血肌酐水平,药物组患者收集入院时及出院时的血肌酐水平。研究主要终点为非致死性心肌梗死和全因死亡,次要终点为心绞痛再发。

1.4 统计学处理

采用SPSS 20.0统计软件对数据进行分析和处理,计量资料以x±s表示,采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者治疗前后血肌酐水平的比较

PCI组术后、出院时血肌酐水平较基线相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.5);两组基线、出院时血肌酐水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.5)(表1)。

2.2 两组患者终点事件发生率的比较

两组全因死亡、非致死性心肌梗死及心绞痛再发发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);药物组复合终点发生率高于PCI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表2)。

3 讨论

轻度肾功能不全指肾小球滤过率在60~89 ml/min,临床症状不明显的人群。研究发现,肾功能不全和冠心病关系密切,尤其是早期肾功能不全可作为一个独立的冠心病预测因子[6]。ESC2014指南提出[7],对于合并轻中度肾脏疾病患者,血运重建策略的选择至关重要,无论选择PCI还是CABG,获益都是明显的。对于PCI可能会引起肾功能损害,甚至会导致造影剂肾病,影响一部分肾功能不全患者手术的选择。

造影剂肾病是经血管给予碘造影剂48~72 h内出现的血肌酐较原有基础水平升高25%或绝对值升高>0.5 mg/L(44.2 mmol/L),并除外其他急性肾脏损害性疾病[8]。血肌酐可反映肾小球滤过率变化,能反映肾功能的早期变化情况[9-12]。本研究回顾性分析了134例轻度肾功能不全合并心绞痛患者分别接受药物及PCI治疗后肾功能变化及6个月全因死亡、非致死性心肌梗死及心绞痛再发情况,该临床研究发现,药物组患者6个月复合终点发生率明显高于PCI组,差异有统计学意义。轻度肾功能不全患者入院期间行介入治疗前后肾功能变化差异无统计学意义。本研究充分证明PCI治疗的有效性,尽管经水化治疗后仍有3例患者发生对比剂肾病,但无一例发生急性肾衰及透析,以上数据均提示该治疗对于轻度肾功能不全的患者安全有效。

[参考文献]

[1] Henry RM, Kostense PJ,Bos G,et al.Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality:the hoorn study[J].Kidney Int,2002,62(4):1402-1407.

[2] Manjunath G,Tighiouart H,Ibrahim H,et al.Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(1):47-55.

[3] Ritz E,McClellan WM.Overview:increased cardiovascular risk in patients with minor renal dysfunction:an emerging issue with far-reaching consequences[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2004,15(3): 513-516.

[4] Zakeri R,Freemantle N,Barnett V,et al.Relation between mild renal dysfunction and outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting[J].Circulation,2005,112(9 Suppl):I-270-I-275.

[5] Silber S,Albertsson P,Avilés F F,et al.Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions the task force for percutaneous coronary interventions of the European Society of Cardiology[J].Eur Heart J,2005,26(8):804-847.

[6] Anavekar NS,McMurray JJ,Velazquez EJ,et al.Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction[J].New Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1285-1295.

[7] Stephan Windecker,Philippe Kolh,Fernando Alfonso,et al.2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization:The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions(EAPCI)[J].Eur Heart J,2014,35(37):2541-2619.

[8] Mehran R,Aymong ED,Nikolsky E,et al.A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004, 44(7):1393-1399.

[9] Marenzi G,Lauri G,Assanelli E,et al.Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004, 44(9):1780-1785.

[10] McCullough PA,Sandberg KR.Epidemiology of contrast-induced nephropathy[J].Rev Cardiovasc Med,2003,4(Suppl 5):S3-S9.

[11] Marenzi G,Lauri G,Assanelli E,et al.Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004,44(9):1780-1785.

[12] Thomsen HS.Guidelines for contrast media from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology[J].AJR Am J Roent-genol,2003,181(6):1463-1471.

(收稿日期:2014-10-14 本文编辑:李亚聪)

[2] Manjunath G,Tighiouart H,Ibrahim H,et al.Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(1):47-55.

[3] Ritz E,McClellan WM.Overview:increased cardiovascular risk in patients with minor renal dysfunction:an emerging issue with far-reaching consequences[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2004,15(3): 513-516.

[4] Zakeri R,Freemantle N,Barnett V,et al.Relation between mild renal dysfunction and outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting[J].Circulation,2005,112(9 Suppl):I-270-I-275.

[5] Silber S,Albertsson P,Avilés F F,et al.Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions the task force for percutaneous coronary interventions of the European Society of Cardiology[J].Eur Heart J,2005,26(8):804-847.

[6] Anavekar NS,McMurray JJ,Velazquez EJ,et al.Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction[J].New Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1285-1295.

[7] Stephan Windecker,Philippe Kolh,Fernando Alfonso,et al.2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization:The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions(EAPCI)[J].Eur Heart J,2014,35(37):2541-2619.

[8] Mehran R,Aymong ED,Nikolsky E,et al.A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004, 44(7):1393-1399.

[9] Marenzi G,Lauri G,Assanelli E,et al.Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004, 44(9):1780-1785.

[10] McCullough PA,Sandberg KR.Epidemiology of contrast-induced nephropathy[J].Rev Cardiovasc Med,2003,4(Suppl 5):S3-S9.

[11] Marenzi G,Lauri G,Assanelli E,et al.Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004,44(9):1780-1785.

[12] Thomsen HS.Guidelines for contrast media from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology[J].AJR Am J Roent-genol,2003,181(6):1463-1471.

(收稿日期:2014-10-14 本文编辑:李亚聪)

[2] Manjunath G,Tighiouart H,Ibrahim H,et al.Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(1):47-55.

[3] Ritz E,McClellan WM.Overview:increased cardiovascular risk in patients with minor renal dysfunction:an emerging issue with far-reaching consequences[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2004,15(3): 513-516.

[4] Zakeri R,Freemantle N,Barnett V,et al.Relation between mild renal dysfunction and outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting[J].Circulation,2005,112(9 Suppl):I-270-I-275.

[5] Silber S,Albertsson P,Avilés F F,et al.Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions the task force for percutaneous coronary interventions of the European Society of Cardiology[J].Eur Heart J,2005,26(8):804-847.

[6] Anavekar NS,McMurray JJ,Velazquez EJ,et al.Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction[J].New Engl J Med,2004,351(13):1285-1295.

[7] Stephan Windecker,Philippe Kolh,Fernando Alfonso,et al.2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization:The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology(ESC)and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions(EAPCI)[J].Eur Heart J,2014,35(37):2541-2619.

[8] Mehran R,Aymong ED,Nikolsky E,et al.A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004, 44(7):1393-1399.

[9] Marenzi G,Lauri G,Assanelli E,et al.Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004, 44(9):1780-1785.

[10] McCullough PA,Sandberg KR.Epidemiology of contrast-induced nephropathy[J].Rev Cardiovasc Med,2003,4(Suppl 5):S3-S9.

[11] Marenzi G,Lauri G,Assanelli E,et al.Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2004,44(9):1780-1785.

[12] Thomsen HS.Guidelines for contrast media from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology[J].AJR Am J Roent-genol,2003,181(6):1463-1471.

(收稿日期:2014-10-14 本文编辑:李亚聪)

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