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国产亮丙瑞林与手术去势治疗前列腺癌的疗效比较

2014-09-25陈明李尧房晓徐丹枫

上海医药 2014年17期
关键词:疗效分析前列腺癌

陈明+李尧+房晓+徐丹枫

(上海长征医院泌尿外科 上海 200003)

摘 要 目的:比较晚期前列腺癌患者分别采用国产亮丙瑞林药物去势与手术去势治疗的疗效和安全性。方法:60例患者随机采用国产亮丙瑞林药物去势或手术去势,并联合比卡鲁胺行全雄激素阻断,观察两种治疗方法的疗效及不良反应。结果:药物去势组与手术去势组的有效率分别为86.6%和83.3%(P>0.05),90%药物去势和93%手术去势患者的血清睾酮水平经6个月治疗后维持在去势水平。两组治疗相关不良反应主要表现为潮热、乳房胀痛、疲劳等,两组无统计学差异,但注射部位疼痛为药物去势所特有。结论:国产亮丙瑞林药物去势与手术去势相比,短期疗效确切,不良反应小,能改善患者的生活质量。

关键词 前列腺癌 雄激素阻断疗法 疗效分析

中图分类号:R977.12; R737.25 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1006-1533(2014)17-0017-03

Clinical comparative study on domestic leuprorelin and surgical castration

for the treatment of prostate cancer

CHEN Ming, LI Yao, FANG Xiao, XU Danfeng*

(Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China)

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of domestic leuprorelin medical castration and surgical castration in patients with prostate cancer. Methods: Sixty patients were randomly divided into a medical castration group and a surgical castration group and meanwhile received bicalutamide for the blockade of total androgen. Efficacy and adverse reaction were compared between two groups. Testosterone concentrations, prostate-specific-antigen and treatment-related adverse events were recorded. Results: The effective rate was 86.6% in the medical castration group and 83.3% in the surgical castration group (P>0.05). Plasma testosterone concentration of 90% patients in the medical castration group and 93% patients in the surgical castration group was remained in the level of castration after 6-month treatment. The adverse events related to the treatment appeared as hot flash, swollen breast, fatigue and hyperhidrosis with insignificant difference though injection-site pain was special for medical castration. Conclusion: As compared with surgical castration, medical castration with domestic leuprorelin has a verified short-term efficacy, less adverse reaction and can improve the life quality of patients.

KEY WORDS prostate cancer; androgen deprivation therapy; effectiveness assessment

前列腺癌是我国男性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,据统计,我国2003-2007年前列腺癌的发病率和死亡率均明显升高[1],因此,加强前列腺癌的防治显得尤为重要。由于前列腺癌早期没有特异性的临床症状和体征,很大一部分患者发现时已失去根治手术的机会,只能采取雄激素阻断等治疗,以延长患者的生命,改善生活质量。本文总结我科自2012年1月-2013年1月收治的无根治手术指征的前列腺癌患者60例,分别采用国产亮丙瑞林药物去势或手术去势,并联合比卡鲁胺行全雄激素阻断,以此来评价两种不同治疗方案的疗效和安全性。

资料与方法

资料

60例患者均行血常规、肝肾功能、前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、骨扫描等检查,并经前列腺穿刺活检获得明确病理诊断。两组患者的一般情况、治疗前血清PSA值、睾酮值和穿刺标本Gleason评分见表1。

治疗方法

所有患者按照随机化原则分别采用醋酸亮丙瑞林微球(上海丽珠制药有限公司,商品名:贝依)3.75 mg肌肉注射(1次/28 d)或者双侧睾丸切除术,并同时给予比卡鲁胺50 mg口服(1次/d)行全雄激素阻断。4周为1个治疗周期,共6个治疗周期,每个治疗周期末检查记录两组患者的血清PSA值、睾酮值以及临床症状的改善情况。

疗效评价标准

前列腺癌客观疗效判定标准:CR指血清PSA下降至正常值以下,即<4 ng/ml,持续超过1个月;PR指血清PSA下降至治疗前数值的50%以下,持续1个月以上;SD是指血清PSA值下降不足50%,或下降虽超过50%但持续不足1个月;PD是指血清PSA值较治疗前升高。

统计方法

用SPSS 13.0软件进行t检验和χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

疗效

57例(95%)患者的血清睾酮水平在第一个治疗周期末均降至去势水平,治疗过程中血清睾酮水平均无明显波动。在6个治疗周期结束后,27例(90%)药物去势患者和28例(93%)手术去势患者的血清睾酮水平不超过0.02 ng/ml(P>0.05)。

所有患者的血清PSA值在第一个治疗周期末均降低至初始值50%以下,至6个治疗周期结束后两组患者中PSA不超过0.2 ng/ml的分别为15例和13例。按照前列腺癌客观疗效判定标准,药物去势组和手术去势组的有效率分别为86.6%和83.3%(P>0.05),结果见表2。

安全性

在6个治疗周期过程中,31例患者出现治疗相关不良反应,主要包括潮热(25例),乳房胀痛(9例),疲劳(8例),多汗(5例)和注射部位疼痛(3例)等,但均为轻度不适,给予对症处理后缓解,未发现心脑血管意外及不可逆性肝肾功能损害等严重并发症。两组治疗相关不良反应见表3。

讨论

前列腺癌起病隐匿,部分患者就诊时疾病已进展至中晚期,已经失去了根治手术的最佳时机,而只能接受内分泌治疗。自1941年Huggins等[2]首次提出内分泌治疗以来,手术去势一直是中晚期前列腺癌患者的首选治疗方式[3]。它可以使患者睾酮迅速且持续下降至去势水平,但该种治疗方式对患者心理状态及生活质量会产生较大的影响[4],而且治疗中无法灵活调节治疗方案,因此,2013版《中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南》推荐有条件的患者应该首先考虑药物去势。

黄体生成激素释放激素类似物(LHRH-a)是目前常用的药物去势制品,已上市的品种有亮丙瑞林、戈舍瑞林和曲普瑞林,缓释剂型为1、2、3或6个月注射1次[5]。我国原来临床应用的LHRH-a缓释剂均为国外公司生产,价格昂贵,限制了一部分患者的使用。上海丽珠制药有限公司自主研制的贝依,打破了国外企业在该领域长达20多年的垄断地位,以媲美国外药品的品质和相对低廉的价格,给中国患者带来了福音。

初次注射LHRH-a时有睾酮一过性升高[6],所以在注射当日开始给予比卡鲁胺抗雄激素治疗,以对抗睾酮一过性升高所导致的病情加剧。同时,研究表明,合用比卡鲁胺的最大限度雄激素阻断(MAB)与单纯去势相比可延长总生存期3~6个月,平均5年生存期提高2.9%,对于局限性前列腺癌,应用MAB治疗时间越长,PSA复发率越低,可使死亡风险降低20%,并可相应延长无进展生存期[7]。

本组30例使用贝依行药物去势的患者中,90%的患者血清睾酮持续处于较低水平,用药6个月时客观有效率达86.6%,与手术去势的疗效相当。但是所有接受内分泌治疗的前列腺癌患者都将进展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌(CRPC),此时内分泌治疗虽有助于改善相关症状,但大多不能控制疾病的进展[8]。由于本次研究观察期较短,未观察到大量去势抵抗性转变,但药物去势和手术去势组各有1例在6个月观察期内出现PSA较治疗前升高的病例。对于此类病情进展的患者,可考虑联合放疗、改用二线内分泌治疗或化疗等其他治疗方法。此外,内分泌治疗还能缩小前列腺体积,改善前列腺癌患者下尿路梗阻症状[9]。经12周治疗后,前列腺体积较基线缩小35%~36%,国际前列腺症状评分下降至少3分,平均下降27%~37%。在本组患者中,既往有排尿症状者经治疗后也观察到梗阻症状得到部分缓解。

内分泌治疗的主要不良反应包括:潮热、多汗、乳房发育、疲劳等[10],药物去势和手术去势均有出现,但症状均为轻度,经对症处理后多能缓解。注射部位局部反应为药物去势所特有[11],这可能与药物微球的局部刺激有关。微球平均粒径越小,微球释放越稳定,也能采用更小的针头注射,患者治疗的不适感更少。本组患者中出现3例注射部位硬结、肿痛。

综上所述,内分泌治疗对中晚期前列腺癌短期疗效佳,有效改善临床症状。药物去势与手术去势相比,在保证治疗效果的前提下,不良反应小,改善患者的生活质量,值得临床推广。

参考文献

韩仁强, 武鸣, 陈万青, 等. 2003-2007年中国前列腺癌发病与死亡分析[J]. 中国肿瘤, 2012, 21(11): 805-811.

Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,1972, 22(4): 232-240.

Iversen P, McLeod DG, See WA, et al. Antiandrogen monotherapy in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer: final results from the bicalutamide Early Prostate Cancer programme at a median follow-up of 9.7 years[J]. BJU Int,2010, 105(8): 1074-1081.

Kato T, Komiya A, Suzuki H, et al. Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on quality of life in Japanese men with prostate cancer[J]. Int J Urol, 2007, 14(5): 416-421.

Wex J, Sidhu M, Odeyemi I, et al. Leuprolide acetate 1-, 3- and 6-monthly depot formulations in androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer in nine European countries: evidence review and economic evaluation[J]. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res, 2013, 24(5): 257-269.

Msaouel P, Diamanti E, Tzanela M, et al. Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer therapy[J]. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs, 2007, 12(2): 285-299.

Klotz L, Schellhammer P, Carroll K. A re-assessment of the role of combined androgen blockade for advanced prostate cancer[J]. BJU Int, 2004, 93(9): 1177-1182.

Cookson MS, Roth BJ, Dahm P, et al. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: AUA Guideline[J]. J Urol, 2013, 190(2): 429-438.

Mason M, Maldonado Pijoan X, Steidle C, et al. Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy for prostate volume reduction, lower urinary tract symptom relief and quality of life improvement in men with intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer: a randomised non-inferiority trial of degarelix versus goserelin plus bicalutamide[J]. Clin Oncol , 2013, 25(3): 190-196.

Salonen AJ, Taari K, Ala-Opas M, et al. Advanced prostate cancer treated with intermittent or continuous androgen deprivation in the randomised FinnProstate Study VII: quality of life and adverse effects[J]. Eur Urol, 2013, 63(1): 111-120.

Marberger M, Kaisary AV, Shore ND, et al. Effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, and safety of a new sustained-release leuprolide acetate 3.75 mg depot formulation for testosterone suppression in patients with prostate cancer: a Phase III, open-label, international multicenter study[J]. Clin Ther, 2010, 32(4): 744-757.

(收稿日期:2014-05-29)

Kato T, Komiya A, Suzuki H, et al. Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on quality of life in Japanese men with prostate cancer[J]. Int J Urol, 2007, 14(5): 416-421.

Wex J, Sidhu M, Odeyemi I, et al. Leuprolide acetate 1-, 3- and 6-monthly depot formulations in androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer in nine European countries: evidence review and economic evaluation[J]. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res, 2013, 24(5): 257-269.

Msaouel P, Diamanti E, Tzanela M, et al. Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer therapy[J]. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs, 2007, 12(2): 285-299.

Klotz L, Schellhammer P, Carroll K. A re-assessment of the role of combined androgen blockade for advanced prostate cancer[J]. BJU Int, 2004, 93(9): 1177-1182.

Cookson MS, Roth BJ, Dahm P, et al. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: AUA Guideline[J]. J Urol, 2013, 190(2): 429-438.

Mason M, Maldonado Pijoan X, Steidle C, et al. Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy for prostate volume reduction, lower urinary tract symptom relief and quality of life improvement in men with intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer: a randomised non-inferiority trial of degarelix versus goserelin plus bicalutamide[J]. Clin Oncol , 2013, 25(3): 190-196.

Salonen AJ, Taari K, Ala-Opas M, et al. Advanced prostate cancer treated with intermittent or continuous androgen deprivation in the randomised FinnProstate Study VII: quality of life and adverse effects[J]. Eur Urol, 2013, 63(1): 111-120.

Marberger M, Kaisary AV, Shore ND, et al. Effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, and safety of a new sustained-release leuprolide acetate 3.75 mg depot formulation for testosterone suppression in patients with prostate cancer: a Phase III, open-label, international multicenter study[J]. Clin Ther, 2010, 32(4): 744-757.

(收稿日期:2014-05-29)

Kato T, Komiya A, Suzuki H, et al. Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on quality of life in Japanese men with prostate cancer[J]. Int J Urol, 2007, 14(5): 416-421.

Wex J, Sidhu M, Odeyemi I, et al. Leuprolide acetate 1-, 3- and 6-monthly depot formulations in androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer in nine European countries: evidence review and economic evaluation[J]. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res, 2013, 24(5): 257-269.

Msaouel P, Diamanti E, Tzanela M, et al. Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone antagonists in prostate cancer therapy[J]. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs, 2007, 12(2): 285-299.

Klotz L, Schellhammer P, Carroll K. A re-assessment of the role of combined androgen blockade for advanced prostate cancer[J]. BJU Int, 2004, 93(9): 1177-1182.

Cookson MS, Roth BJ, Dahm P, et al. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: AUA Guideline[J]. J Urol, 2013, 190(2): 429-438.

Mason M, Maldonado Pijoan X, Steidle C, et al. Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy for prostate volume reduction, lower urinary tract symptom relief and quality of life improvement in men with intermediate- to high-risk prostate cancer: a randomised non-inferiority trial of degarelix versus goserelin plus bicalutamide[J]. Clin Oncol , 2013, 25(3): 190-196.

Salonen AJ, Taari K, Ala-Opas M, et al. Advanced prostate cancer treated with intermittent or continuous androgen deprivation in the randomised FinnProstate Study VII: quality of life and adverse effects[J]. Eur Urol, 2013, 63(1): 111-120.

Marberger M, Kaisary AV, Shore ND, et al. Effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, and safety of a new sustained-release leuprolide acetate 3.75 mg depot formulation for testosterone suppression in patients with prostate cancer: a Phase III, open-label, international multicenter study[J]. Clin Ther, 2010, 32(4): 744-757.

(收稿日期:2014-05-29)

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