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妊娠合并外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的相关危险因素分析

2014-08-07唐莉隗伏冰汪珊

中国当代医药 2014年12期
关键词:高危因素妊娠

唐莉+隗伏冰+汪珊

[摘要] 目的 探讨妊娠期外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(VVC)的相关危险因素。 方法 选择2012年2~12月在本院建档并规律产检的孕妇700例为研究对象,均行阴道分泌物检查,其中VVC培养阳性孕妇140例为研究组,VVC培养阴性的孕妇560例为对照组,对两组孕妇发放调查问卷,采用多因素Logistic回归分析的方法筛查妊娠合并VVC的危险因素。 结果 研究组孕妇文化程度高中及以下、既往人流或引产史、孕前体重指数>25 kg/m2、既往念珠菌性阴道炎病史、既往VVC病史、不良卫生习惯、妊娠期同房的发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,妊娠期同房、既往念珠菌性阴道炎病史、既往VVC病史、不良卫生习惯是导致VVC发生的高危因素(P<0.05)。 结论 妊娠期同房、既往念珠菌性阴道炎病史、既往VVC病史、不良卫生习惯是VVC的高危因素,临床对有上述情况的孕妇应重点筛查,以早期发现和治疗。

[关键词] 妊娠;假丝酵母菌病;高危因素

[中图分类号] R711.31[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)04(c)-0153-03

Analysis of related risk factors of pregnancy with vulvovaginal candidiasis

TANG Li WEI Fu-bing▲ WANG Shan

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Maternity and Child Care Center of Dongguan City in Guanagdong Province,Dongguan 523000,China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the related factors of pregnancy with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Methods 700 pregnant women who were given bookbuilding and regularly production inspection in our hospital from February to December 2012 were selected as study objects,all them were given vaginal secretion examination,140 cases of pregnant women with VVC culture-positive as the study group,560 cases of pregnant women with VVC culture-negative as the control group,two groups of pregnant women were all given questionnaires,and risk factors of pregnancy with VVC was analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis methods. Results The the incidence rate of education25 kg/m2,previous monilial vaginitis history,previous VVC history,poor health habits,intercourse during pregnancy in the study group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05);multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that intercourse during pregnancy,previous monilial vaginitis history,previous VVC history and poor health habits are risk factors leading to VVC (P<0.05). Conclusion Intercourse during pregnancy,previous monilial vaginitis history ,previous VVC history and poor health habits are risk factors leading to VVC,the clinic should focus on pregnant women with above-mentioned conditions to early detection and treatment.

[Key words] Pregnancy;Vulvovaginal candidiasis;High-risk factors

外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC)是由假丝酵母菌引起的常见外阴阴道炎症[1],约占微生物所致阴道炎的1/4~1/3, 至少75%的妇女一生感染过一次VVC[2],感染的女性至少40%经历过VVC复发[3]。VVC已成为仅次于细菌性阴道病的最常见的阴道感染。妊娠期孕妇发病率明显升高,约是非孕期妇女的3倍,复发率更高[4] 。妊娠期VVC增高胎膜早破的发生概率,可导致宫内感染、流产、死胎、早产、低体重儿出生等,还可导致产褥感染及会阴侧切伤口愈合不良等,新生儿通过垂直传播或在分娩过程中发生假丝酵母菌感染,也有可能出现鹅口疮皮肤假丝酵母菌病、假丝酵母菌性脑膜炎、呼吸窘迫等[5]。假丝酵母菌进入宫腔的方式多种多样,通过胎膜早破形成的破口或是直接穿透胎盘胎膜形成感染[6],因此筛查妊娠合并VVC的危险因素,对临床提高警惕,早期发现和治疗VVC,改善母婴结局有重要意义。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选择2012年2~12月在本院建档并规律产检的孕妇700例为研究对象,均行阴道分泌物检查,其中VVC培养阳性孕妇140例为研究组,年龄21~35岁,平均(26.5±3.2)岁,初产妇108例,经产妇32例;VVC培养阴性的孕妇560例为对照组,年龄23~37岁,平均(25.8±2.7)岁,初产妇432例,经产妇128例。两组的一般情况比较差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 阴道分泌物检查方法孕妇均取膀胱截石位,用一次性阴道窥器小心地暴露宫颈和阴道,用无菌棉拭子取阴道后穹隆分泌物,分别涂片并放入无菌的玻璃试管中,并立即送检。

1.2.2 调查方法全部入组孕妇发放调查问卷,调查项目主要包括文化程度、家庭经济条件、医疗费用支付方式、月经初潮年龄、既往是否有人流或引产史、孕前体重指数、孕前检查、既往念珠菌性阴道炎病史、既往VVC病史、不良嗜好或饮食习惯(烟酒、辛辣、油腻等)、不良卫生习惯(非经期使用卫生护垫、习惯穿化纤紧身内裤、经常进行阴道冲洗)、妊娠期同房等。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS 18.0软件处理数据,计数资料以百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。组间差异有统计学意义的指标采用多因素Logistic逐步回归分析,筛选高危因素。

2 结果

2.1 两组各调查项目情况的比较

研究组的孕妇文化程度高中及以下、既往人流或引产史、孕前体重指数>25 kg/m2、既往念珠菌性阴道炎病史、既往VVC病史、不良卫生习惯、妊娠期同房的发生率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)(表1)。

表 1 两组各调查项目情况的比较[n(%)]

2.2 多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果

本文初步调查项目中有7个项目在组间差异有统计学意义。选择SLE=0.05为选变量进入Logistic逐步回归模型的显著性水平,SLE=0.1为选变量剔除出逐步回归模型的显著性水平,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,妊娠期同房、既往念珠菌性阴道炎病史、既往VVC病史、不良卫生习惯是导致VVC发生的高危因素(P<0.05)(表2)。

表2 多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果

3 讨论

VVC是由假丝酵母菌引起的常见外阴阴道炎症。当机体抵抗力下降,尤其是局部的防御机制受损,或者是假丝酵母菌毒力增强时,机体抵抗力弱于侵袭力,最终导致假丝酵母菌大量繁殖,产生各种侵袭性酶类,如蛋白酶、磷脂酶等等,通过对机体阴道上皮细胞的破坏,从而形成VVC。

Kazmierczak等[7]研究显示,妊娠妇女VVC的患病率为42%,Babic等[8]的研究结果显示,妊娠为VVC感染发生的一个危险因素。妊娠期易感VVC的原因:①怀孕期间阴道分泌物中高的雌激素水平和高的糖原含量增高了妇女感染VVC的概率[9],而较高水平的雌激素又会使阴道黏膜的含糖量增加,糖量的增加可以为假丝酵母菌提供碳源,从而有利于假丝酵母菌的生长,同时雌激素又能促进菌丝的形成,易致假丝酵母菌反复感染;Moraes等[10]报道说高水平雌激素导致T细胞免疫失调而增加机体对假丝酵母菌的易感性。②妊娠后机体会发生一系列的生理变化,而免疫系统也会受到一定的抑制,从而导致阴道分泌物中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)水平降低,而分泌型免疫球蛋白对阴道抵抗微生物的侵犯有重大的作用,因此导致妊娠期妇女阴道上皮对假丝酵母菌的抵抗力降低,增加了VVC的易感性[11-12]。③妊娠期妇女的阴道在激素及生理环境的改变下,阴道上皮组织经常处于充血、水肿状态,导致通透性增加,渗出物增多,黏膜变软,致使白带增多,而外阴阴道湿度增加,为假丝酵母菌的繁殖提供了一个有利的环境[13] 。④妊娠期的一些合并症,如糖尿病或者其他的一些疾病等,可能增加了妊娠期妇女对假丝酵母菌的易感性[14]。

Sojakova等[15]的研究中发现,VVC 是一种非常容易复发的疾病,怀孕前曾患过VVC是妊娠VVC发生的高危因素之一。Linhares 等[16]指出,在妊娠女性中VVC 的发病率与孕期同房也有很大的关联性,调查发现有VVC的女性其丈夫生殖器假丝酵母菌的带菌率是未患VVC女性其丈夫的4倍,故怀孕期间同过房是妊娠期VVC 的另一个不可忽视的因素。在Farage 等[17]的调查中,在非经期有使用卫生护垫的习惯是得VVC的一项高危因素。另外,Owen等[18-19]的报道指出,某些个人生活习惯,如平时所穿内裤多为紧身、透气不良的衣服、非月经期使用卫生护垫等,使会阴局部湿度温度升高,增高VVC 的发生率,而Pavlova等[20]研究表明,经常性的阴道冲洗使正常的阴道微生态环境受到破坏,也成为诱发VVC的因素之一。

本研究资料显示,妊娠期同房、既往念珠菌性阴道炎病史、既往VVC病史、不良卫生习惯(习惯化纤紧身内裤、在非经期使用卫生护垫、经常阴道冲洗)是导致VVC发生的高危因素,与上述文献报道相符,但除上述因素高危因素外,笔者认为妊娠期VVC 的发病还与文化程度、既往人流引产史、孕前体重指数有所关联,主要是由于文化程度低的患者可能卫生保健意识较弱,平时个人的生活习惯比较差,导致妊娠期VVC患病率升高,既往有人流、引产史的患者,多数是因为未在正规的医院进行人流、引产,使机体患VVC的易感性增加,而怀孕前即肥胖患者汗腺、皮脂腺的分泌有所增加,为念珠菌的生长繁殖提供有利的微环境。

综上所述,妊娠期同房、既往念珠菌性阴道炎病史、既往VVC病史、不良卫生习惯是VVC的高危因素,临床对有上述情况的孕妇应重点筛查,以早期发现和治疗,此外还要注意对于低文化程度者、肥胖者以及有人流或引产史者,做到筛查的重点性和全面性。

[参考文献]

[1]乐杰.妇产科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2008:239-241.

[2]Das Neves J,Pinto E,Teixeira B,et al.Local treatment of vulvovaginal candidosis:general and practical considerations[J].Drugs, 2008,68(13):1787-1802.

[3]Ferrer J.Vaginal candidosis:epidemiological and etiological factors[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2000,71(Suppl 1):S21-S27.

[4]Eschenbach DA.Chronic vulvovaginal candidasis[J].N Engl J Med,2004,351(9):851-852.

[5]Swadpanich U,Lumbiganon P,Prasertcharoensook W,et al.Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2008,(2):CD006178.

[6]Moreira D,Paula CR.Vulvovaginal candidiasis[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2006,92(3):266-267.

[7]Kazmierczak W,Wnek M,Kaminski K.Frequency of vaginal infections in pregnant women in the Department of Perinatology and Gynaecology in Zabrze[J].Ginekol Pol,2004, 75(12):932-936.

[8]Babic M,Hukic M.Candida albicans and non-albicans species as etiological agent of vaginitis in pregnant and non-pregnant women[J].Bosn J Basic Med Sci,2010,10(1):89-97.

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[9]Monif GR,Baker DA.Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology[M].5th ed.New York:Parthenon Press,2003:405-421.

[10]Moraes PS,de Lima Goiaba S,Taketomi EA.Candida albicans allergen immunotherapy in recurrent vaginal candidiasis[J].J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol,2000,10(5):305-309.

[11]Glasow S,Stepan H,Saek U,et al.Cevrieal immunoglobulin A and altered vaginal flora in pregnant women with threatened prelerm delivery[J].J Perinat Med,2004,32(1):37-41.

[12]Carrara MA,Bazotte RB,Donatti L,et al.Effect of experimental diabetes on the development and maintenance of vulvovaginal candidiasis in female rats[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2009,200(6):659.

[13]安牧尔.妇产科主治医生500问[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2004:107.

[14]曹泽毅.中华妇产科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:670-671.

[15]Sojakova M,Liptajova D,Simoncicova M,et al.Vulvovaginal candidiasis and sensitivity of pathogens to antimycotics[J].Ceska Gynekol,2003,68(1):24-29.

[16]Linhares LM,Witkin SS,Miranda SD,et al.Differentiation between women with vulvovaginal symptoms who are positive or negative for Candida species by culture[J].Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol,2001,9(2):221-225.

[17]Farage MA,Stadlder A.Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis[J].Am J Obstet Gynaecol,2005,192(3):981-982.

[18]Owen MK,Clenney TL.Management of vaginitis[J].Am Fam Physician,2004,70(11):2125-2132.

[19]Sobel JD.Vulvovaginal candidiasis in Sexually transminted disease[M].3rd ed.Singapore:Mac Graw Hill Book Co,1999:629-639.

[20]Pavlova SI,Tao L.In vitro inhibition of commercial douche products against vaginal microflora[J]. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol,2000,8(2):99-104.

(收稿日期:2014-03-11 本文编辑:许俊琴)

▲通讯作者

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[9]Monif GR,Baker DA.Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology[M].5th ed.New York:Parthenon Press,2003:405-421.

[10]Moraes PS,de Lima Goiaba S,Taketomi EA.Candida albicans allergen immunotherapy in recurrent vaginal candidiasis[J].J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol,2000,10(5):305-309.

[11]Glasow S,Stepan H,Saek U,et al.Cevrieal immunoglobulin A and altered vaginal flora in pregnant women with threatened prelerm delivery[J].J Perinat Med,2004,32(1):37-41.

[12]Carrara MA,Bazotte RB,Donatti L,et al.Effect of experimental diabetes on the development and maintenance of vulvovaginal candidiasis in female rats[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2009,200(6):659.

[13]安牧尔.妇产科主治医生500问[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2004:107.

[14]曹泽毅.中华妇产科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:670-671.

[15]Sojakova M,Liptajova D,Simoncicova M,et al.Vulvovaginal candidiasis and sensitivity of pathogens to antimycotics[J].Ceska Gynekol,2003,68(1):24-29.

[16]Linhares LM,Witkin SS,Miranda SD,et al.Differentiation between women with vulvovaginal symptoms who are positive or negative for Candida species by culture[J].Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol,2001,9(2):221-225.

[17]Farage MA,Stadlder A.Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis[J].Am J Obstet Gynaecol,2005,192(3):981-982.

[18]Owen MK,Clenney TL.Management of vaginitis[J].Am Fam Physician,2004,70(11):2125-2132.

[19]Sobel JD.Vulvovaginal candidiasis in Sexually transminted disease[M].3rd ed.Singapore:Mac Graw Hill Book Co,1999:629-639.

[20]Pavlova SI,Tao L.In vitro inhibition of commercial douche products against vaginal microflora[J]. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol,2000,8(2):99-104.

(收稿日期:2014-03-11 本文编辑:许俊琴)

▲通讯作者

endprint

[9]Monif GR,Baker DA.Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology[M].5th ed.New York:Parthenon Press,2003:405-421.

[10]Moraes PS,de Lima Goiaba S,Taketomi EA.Candida albicans allergen immunotherapy in recurrent vaginal candidiasis[J].J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol,2000,10(5):305-309.

[11]Glasow S,Stepan H,Saek U,et al.Cevrieal immunoglobulin A and altered vaginal flora in pregnant women with threatened prelerm delivery[J].J Perinat Med,2004,32(1):37-41.

[12]Carrara MA,Bazotte RB,Donatti L,et al.Effect of experimental diabetes on the development and maintenance of vulvovaginal candidiasis in female rats[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2009,200(6):659.

[13]安牧尔.妇产科主治医生500问[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2004:107.

[14]曹泽毅.中华妇产科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2005:670-671.

[15]Sojakova M,Liptajova D,Simoncicova M,et al.Vulvovaginal candidiasis and sensitivity of pathogens to antimycotics[J].Ceska Gynekol,2003,68(1):24-29.

[16]Linhares LM,Witkin SS,Miranda SD,et al.Differentiation between women with vulvovaginal symptoms who are positive or negative for Candida species by culture[J].Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol,2001,9(2):221-225.

[17]Farage MA,Stadlder A.Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis[J].Am J Obstet Gynaecol,2005,192(3):981-982.

[18]Owen MK,Clenney TL.Management of vaginitis[J].Am Fam Physician,2004,70(11):2125-2132.

[19]Sobel JD.Vulvovaginal candidiasis in Sexually transminted disease[M].3rd ed.Singapore:Mac Graw Hill Book Co,1999:629-639.

[20]Pavlova SI,Tao L.In vitro inhibition of commercial douche products against vaginal microflora[J]. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol,2000,8(2):99-104.

(收稿日期:2014-03-11 本文编辑:许俊琴)

▲通讯作者

endprint

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