全关节镜下治疗肩锁关节脱位
2014-07-05汪国友沈骅睿曾胜强徐平邓凯扶世杰
汪国友 沈骅睿 曾胜强 徐平 邓凯 扶世杰
全关节镜下治疗肩锁关节脱位
汪国友 沈骅睿 曾胜强 徐平 邓凯 扶世杰
目的探讨RockwoodⅢ型急性肩锁关节脱位治疗方法,并比较两种喙锁韧带重建的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010年1月至2013年6月收治的29例RockwoodⅢ型急性肩锁关节脱位患者资料。经随机分组,其中16例在全关节镜下行自体半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁、肩锁韧带(自体韧带组),13例在全关节镜下行双Endobutton钢板结合爱惜帮线重建喙锁韧带(爱惜帮线组)。比较两组患者末次随访时的Constant评分及CC-Dist值的改善率。结果29例患者术后获得1~4年(平均2.5年)随访。末次随访时自体韧带组和爱惜帮线组患者Constant评分改善率分别为47.31%和47.01%,差异无统计学意义(t=0.136,P=0.893)。自体韧带组和爱惜帮线组患者CC-Dist值改善率分别为38.51%和43.16%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=-2.895,P =0.007)。结论全关节镜下行自体半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁、肩锁韧带和双Endobutton钢板结合爱惜帮线重建喙锁韧带均能有效改善肩关节功能,两者各有优势。
关节镜;韧带重建;肩锁关节;脱位
肩锁关节脱位是临床上较为常见的损伤,特别是运动员,占肩部损伤的9%~12%。按Rockwood分型,Ⅲ型损伤的治疗仍未达成共识,即使选择手术治疗,由于肩锁关节是一种非刚性微动关节,目前仍无公认的标准手术方法[1]。近年来,部分传统的切开内固定手术方式已逐渐发展为关节镜下微创手术,使肩锁关节脱位的患者得到满意的康复。本研究就关节镜下自体韧带重建喙锁、肩锁韧带,爱惜帮线重建喙锁韧带两种手术方式治疗RockwoodⅢ~Ⅴ型新鲜肩锁关节脱位的术后影像学、临床疗效及并发症等方面进行对比分析。
材料与方法
一、一般资料
自2008年1月至2013年6月收治的新鲜RockwoodⅢ~Ⅴ型肩锁关节脱位患者。经随机分组,其中16例在全关节镜下行自体半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁、肩锁韧带(自体韧带组),男性12例,女性4例,年龄16~62岁,平均39.8岁,随访时间9~39个月,平均随访25.6个月;13例在全关节镜下行双Endobutton钢板结合爱惜帮线重建喙锁韧带(爱惜帮线组),其中男性9例,女性4例,年龄19~57岁,平均36.5岁,随访时间12~35个月,平均随访19.6个月。致伤原因:交通伤12例,运动伤9例,摔伤4例,重物砸伤2例,其他伤2例。受伤至手术时间为3~11d,平均6.0d。合并肩关节SLAP损伤8例(自体韧带组5例,爱惜帮线组3例),合并肩袖损伤3例(自体韧带组1例,爱惜帮线组2例),合并盂肱关节软骨损伤2例(自体韧带组1例,爱惜帮线组1例),合并Bankert损伤2例(均为自体韧带组),合并关节盂骨折1例(爱惜帮线组)。两组患者的年龄、性别、致伤原因、损伤侧别及受伤至手术时间等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
二、方法
(一)关节镜下自体半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁韧带及肩锁韧带
所有患者均在气管插管全麻下手术,置75°沙滩椅体位,标记出喙突、肩峰、锁骨远端前后缘等骨性标志及肩关节后侧、外侧、前外侧、前内侧和上方入路。常规消毒铺巾后,再次铺防水U型单。首先取同侧半腱肌肌腱,并用强生2号线将其编织成双股总直径为4.5~5.5mm备用。具体步骤:(1)暴露喙突:自后侧入路插入关节镜,探查盂肱关节,然后自外侧入路插入关节镜,前外侧入路插入刨刀,刨除喙突基底部周围部分软组织,同时应用等离子刀电切、电凝止血,充分暴露喙突基底部。(2)建立锁骨、喙突基底部及肩峰端骨隧道:用2枚腰穿针距锁骨远端3.5cm处确定其前后缘并标记。于标记中点处做一皮肤小切口以建立骨隧道。自前内侧入路插入重建膝关节前交叉韧带导向器,并置于喙突基底部中心及锁骨上表面中心,应用直径为2mm导向针从锁骨向喙突基底部,再沿导向针用直径与移植肌腱直径约相等空心钻头钻取骨隧道,置入牵引线,并用抓线钳将其从锁骨隧道抓出;用直径为2mm导向针于肩锁韧带肩峰端附着处外侧钻孔,再用适宜直径空心钻沿其钻肩峰隧道。(3)置入并固定移植肌腱:应用引线将带有1枚Endobutton微钢板的移植肌腱依次引入锁骨隧道及喙突基底部隧道,当其通过喙突骨隧道后,翻转Endobutton,将其稳定悬挂于喙突基底部;移植肌腱另一端逐渐拉紧并下压锁骨远端,使肩锁关节复位,位置满意后,自锁骨隧道拧入1枚挤压螺钉,固定所移植的肌腱,应用肌腱末端的编织缝合线将其余肌腱拉入肩峰骨隧道,反折并应用编织缝合线打结固定,冲洗伤口,逐层缝合。
(二)关节镜下双Endobutton钢板结合爱惜帮线重建喙锁韧带
关节镜下的暴露与隧道的制备同自体韧带组,在导向器引导下,经锁骨中点向喙突根部中心打入1枚2mm导针,用4.5mm空心钻头沿导针扩孔建立锁骨和喙突根部之间的骨隧道,隧道内留置1根牵引线。用1根5号爱惜邦缝线将两枚钮扣钢板往返串联,并使2枚钢板间形成4股爱惜邦缝线的滑动链接。将不带尾线一端的钮扣钢板经锁骨孔用牵引线导入喙突根部并翻转。调整好锁骨及喙突根部2个钮扣的方向后,使钮扣完全卡压在锁骨的上表面和喙突根部下表面,外展肩关节,下压锁骨使肩锁关节复位,收紧爱惜邦尾线并打结固定,关闭切口。
(三)术后处理
两组患者术后以颈腕吊带制动患肢6周。术后即刻活动肘关节及腕关节,2周时开始肩关节被动活动锻炼,6~8周后开始进行肩关节主动及抗阻肌力锻炼。6个月后开始从事接触性体育活动。
(四)疗效评价
根据临床查体、X线检查、CC-Dist值测量[2]、改善率及Constant标准评分进行疗效评价[3]。Constant评分由以下8部分构成:患肩是否疼痛(15分),日常活动情况(20分),肩关节活动范围(40分)(外旋、内旋、外展、前屈,每项10分),力量测试(25分),其中客观评分占65%,主观评分占35%。总的分数越高,说明肩关节功能越好。优:≥90分;良:80~89分;一般:70~79分;差≤70分。
(五)统计学处理
所有资料采用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行统计学处理。对两治疗组的影像学测量值、术后疼痛和功能评分等进行比较,采用t检验或χ2检验将数据进行统计学处理,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结 果
随访1~4年,平均2.5年。自体韧带组和爱惜帮线组Constant评分见表1,术后改善率分别为47.31%和47.01%,差异无统计学意义(t=0.136,P>0.05)。自体韧带组和爱惜帮线组CC-Dist值见表2,术后改善率分别为38.51%和47.46%,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.895,P <0.05)。
表1 两组手术前、后Constant评分比较(±s)
表1 两组手术前、后Constant评分比较(±s)
组别 例数 疼痛 日常生活 活动范围术前 术后 改善率(%) 术前 术后 改善率(%) 术前 术后 改善率(%)自 体 韧 带 组 16 5.81±1.33 12.69±1.30 53.21 8.13±0.96 15.88±2.03 48.19 17.81±1.68 36.13±1.36 50.63爱 惜 帮 线 组 13 5.75±1.26 13.08±1.19 55.67 8.46±1.20 15.54±2.07 44.26 17.54±1.20 36.15±1.28 51.43组别 例数 力量测试术前 术后 改善率(%)总分术前 术后 改善率(%)自 体 韧 带 组 16 12.75±2.14 20.00±1.26 36.20 44.56±4.29 84.69±4.39 47.31爱 惜 帮 线 组 13 12.92±2.10 19.69±1.32 34.27 44.69±3.73 84.46±4.25 47.01
表2 两组手术前、后CC-Dist值比较(mm,±s)
表2 两组手术前、后CC-Dist值比较(mm,±s)
注:CC-Dist值为肩关节正位X线片喙突上平面与上锁骨下平面的垂直距离
组别 例数 术前 术后 改善率(%)自体韧带组 16 15.56±1.97 9.44±0.81 38.51爱惜帮线组 13 15.69±2.06 8.15±1.79 47.46
术后并发症:两组患者均有肩锁关节复位的轻度丢失,其中自体韧带组较爱惜帮线组略明显,自体韧带组4例,爱惜帮线组3例,自体韧带组4例患者对外观和功能均非常满意。爱惜帮线组3例患者外观和功能均无明显异常,但2例患者诉肩部发紧,活动上肢时肩部有酸胀不适感。
讨 论
一、肩锁关节脱位治疗方案选择
肩锁关节是由锁骨远端与肩峰内侧面组成的非刚性、微动关节,其稳定性主要由喙锁韧带、肩锁关节囊及肩锁韧带维持,另外肩锁关节盘及三角肌、斜方肌也起到一定作用,这些结构协同作用,共同维持其稳定性。肩锁关节脱位主要由外伤引起,好发于青壮年,与男性喜欢体育运动有关。目前临床对于肩锁关节脱位多采用Rockwood分型,多数学者认为RockwoodⅠ、Ⅱ型损伤应保守治疗,Ⅳ~Ⅵ型损伤应该早期手术治疗。与人体其他部分关节损伤修复手术的原则相同,目的是重建肩锁关节的解剖、恢复肩关节功能。但对Ⅲ型损伤是采取保守治疗还是手术治疗仍存在争议。Balke等[4]统计分析了2012年203名德国医生对肩锁关节脱位的治疗选择结果显示:大多数肩关节专科医师以及创伤科医生选择手术治疗,但是在手术方式的确定上没有统一意见。Kienast等[5]调查发现,手术治疗RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位后,肩关节功能可获很好的恢复。Korsten等[6]的一项Meta分析发现,虽然手术治疗有较高的并发症,但对于活动范围较大的年轻人,手术治疗与非手术治疗相比有一定的优势。
目前肩锁关节脱位的治疗方式超过80多种,对于最佳手术方式一直是个充满争议的问题。根据处理喙锁韧带的不同,大致可分为以下3类:(1)切开或闭合复位内固定术,包括肩锁关节内固定、喙锁内固定、肩锁及喙锁的联合内固定。内固定材料包括使用克氏针张力带固定、螺钉及锁骨钩钢板等。(2)肩锁关节的解剖与非解剖重建,包括自体、异体韧带的肩锁及喙锁韧带重建,缝线的喙锁韧带重建、喙肩韧带重建喙锁韧带(Weaver-Dunn technique)以及肱二头肌短头和喙肱肌的联合腱重建喙锁韧带(Dewar technique)等。(3)锁骨远端切除术。传统的手术方式均以坚强内固定治疗理念为主,而任何坚强内固定的手术方式都只是非解剖的治疗方法,其并发症较多,疗效欠佳。Salem等[7]通过治疗RockwoodⅢ和Ⅳ型肩锁关节脱位后认为锁骨钩板内固定可靠、手术简便、创伤较小,是一种较理想的内固定方法。但Lin等[8]通过前瞻性地随访锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位使用AO锁骨钩钢板治疗的患者,发现去除内固定前,部分患者出现肩峰下撞击综合征、Constant-Murley和DASH评分明显下降、肩袖损伤等并发症。Takase等[9]通过改良Dewar手术、改良Cadenat手术以及喙锁韧带解剖重建三种方式对比分析后发现:改良Cadenat手术虽能明显提高手术疗效,避免手术失败及复位的丢失。但由于未能解剖重建喙锁韧带,恢复肩锁关节的生理功能,与韧带重建相比,术后并发症较多。
(二)两种术式重建的优缺点
1.全关节镜下行自体半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁、肩锁韧带:该手术方式为关节镜下行喙锁、肩锁韧带重建,其定位准确,重建喙锁韧带的同时还完成对肩锁韧带的重建,基本接近解剖重建,符合肩锁关节微动的生物力学特性。愈来愈多的证据表明,应该注重区分斜方韧带和锥状韧带的生理功能,在手术时区别对待,改善关节水平面的稳定性,以避免喙锁韧带单一整体重建所造成的锁骨肩峰端向前脱位。通过对韧带的重建使得肩锁关节及喙突与锁骨之间仍然可保持一定微动,实现肩锁关节固定的同时又不“过分固定”的原则[10]。肩锁关机韧带重建材料来源于半腱肌肌腱,其生物力学研究显示,半腱肌解剖重建抗拉力强度948N[11],高于喙锁韧带。为满足力学要求,不易出现断裂。同时半腱肌肌腱易于获取,在供区影响小,而且拥有良好的生物学特征,无免疫排斥反应,拥有较好的生物安全性。由于该手术操作不涉及肩袖,术后不会出现肩峰撞击样疼痛,所以在术后早期可进行功能锻炼。同时不需再次手术取出内固定。但其不足之处为治疗费用相对昂贵,锁骨骨隧道处弱化了锁骨承受的应力,存在锁骨骨折风险。另外该手术方式对骨隧道位置要求高。若重建经验不足则有可能导致锁骨骨隧道偏前或偏后,或应用挤压螺钉固定时可能将隧道挤破而导致固定失效。由于该方法为弹性固定,故可能出现因时间延长而导致复位丢失的可能性。
2.全关节镜下行双Endobutton钢板结合爱惜帮线重建喙锁韧带:该手术方式同样符合解剖生理学方面的要求,其在力学强度、生物学原则以及对肩关节周围软组织等方面与韧带重建均无明显区别。该方法由于不属于弹性固定,故不存在因时间延长而导致复位丢失的可能。但该方法没有真正生物性重建喙锁韧带,远期喙锁间的稳定主要依靠喙锁韧带的瘢痕愈合,故仅能应用于新鲜的肩锁关节脱位,并有失败的可能。而且存在爱惜帮线断裂,缝线切割隧道等风险。
以上两种方式中,韧带重建组由于重建了喙锁及肩锁韧带,是解剖重建,爱惜帮线组更接近于等长重建。我们采取两种方式治疗RockwoodⅢ型急性肩锁关节脱位患者的结果分析可以看出,这两种手术方式在恢复患者肩关节活动范围、日常生活以及改善患者疼痛等方面没有明显差异,其Constant评分总分未见明显差异。但是我们在随访患者CC-Dist值时发现,自体韧带组其复位丢失高于爱惜帮线组,但是这种小范围的复位丢失并没有造成肩关节功能障碍以及影响患者日常生活。相反,复位丢失不明显的爱惜帮线组在随访中发现,部分患者感觉肩关节周围软组织“发紧”,活动上肢时肩关节酸胀不适。所以我们认为虽然自体韧带组存在一定复位丢失,但是并未因此造成肩关节功能障碍,所以我们认为这种复位丢失是可以接受的。
3.关节镜在肩锁关节脱位中的优势:自从2001年Wolf和Pennington首次报道在关节镜下使用半腱肌肌腱重建喙锁韧带后,有人尝试在关节镜下完成各种喙锁固定和重建手术。尽管没有前瞻性的随机对照研究的证据,但多数学者认为,关节镜与开放手术的原则相同,其优势在于经皮微创操作,减少对三角肌和斜方肌的剥离[10]。我们认为,肩锁关节脱位患者多数合并肩关节SLAP损伤、肩袖损伤、盂肱关节软骨损伤、Bankert损伤及关节盂骨折等。本组病例合并伤高达55.18%。关节镜除了手术创伤较小外,更重要的是可以同时处理肩锁关节脱位的合并伤,让患者有更满意的恢复。而且关节镜下喙突基底部定位准确,不易损伤周围血管和神经,创伤小。但该方法对术中隧道的定位要求甚高,建议由非常有经验的肩关节镜医生进行,隧道位置不佳易引起钢板滑动或下陷于骨内,引起复位的部分丢失,如果反复调整隧道位置则易引起喙突骨折,导致手术失败。
总之,全肩关节镜下韧带重建肩锁关节脱位,这种方法体现了微创和肩锁关节解剖重建的治疗思想,或许是今后治疗发展的方向。
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Arthroscopic treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation
Wang Guoyou,Shen Huarui,Zeng Shengqiang,Xu Ping,Deng Kai,Fu Shijie.Department of Orthopedics,Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Luzhou Medical College,Luzhou 646000,China
BackgroundThe dislocation of acromioclavicular joint is a common injury clinically.This study is to investigate the treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation(Rockwood typeⅢ)and compare the clinical effect of two different ways of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.MethodsWe select the patients with fresh Rockwood typeⅢto V dislocation of acromioclavicular joint from January 2008to June 2013.After randomization,16cases
the reconstruction of coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligament arthroscopically with semitendinosus tendon(autogenous group).Among them,12were males and 4were females,aged 16-62years old,the average age is 39.8years old.They were followed up for 9-39months,the average follow-up was 25.6months;13cases underwent the reconstruction of coracoclavicular ligament with the double Endobutton plate and Ethibond suture(Ethibond suture group),including 9cases of male,4cases of female,aging from 19to 57years old,the average age is 36.5years old,were followed up for 12-35 months with a mean follow-up of 19.6months.The reason of injury:12cases of traffic injuries,9 cases of sports injury,4cases of fall,bruise in 2cases and 2cases of other injuries.The time between injury to operation was 3-11d,averagely 6d.8patients were accompanied by SLAP injury of shoulder joint(5cases of autologous ligament group,3cases of Ethibond suture group),3patients were accompanied by rotator cuff injury(1cases of autologous ligament group,2cases of Ethibond suture group).2patients were combined with glenohumeral joint cartilage injury(1case of autologous ligament group 1case,1case of love help group),2patients were combined with Bankart injury(both in autologous ligament group),1patient was combined with glenoid fracture(Ethibond suture group).The age,sex,cause of injury,injury side and time from getting injured to operation of the two groups are without significant differences (P > 0.05).Autologous ligament group arthroscopic semitendinosus tendon reconstruction of coracoclavicular ligament coracoclavicular ligament.Allpatients underwent operation under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation.Patients were placed at 75°beach chair position.Bony landmarks were marked.The ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon was harvested first.Glenohumeral examination was first done through posterior viewing portal.Then the under surface of coracoid was exposed by shaver.Then establish the bone tunnel of clavicle,basal part of coracoid and acromial,transplant and fix the grafted tendon,wash the wound,suture the wound layer by layer.Ethibond suture group arthroscopic double Endobutton plate and Ethibond reconstruction of coracoclavicular ligament.The arthroscopic explosion and tunnel reconstruction is the same with the group mentioned above,use double Endobutton plate and Ethibond suture to reconstruct coracoclavicular ligament.Make sure the button completely stuck in the upper surface of the coracoid clavicle and underlying surface,abduct the shoulder joint,press the clavicle to get the acromioclavicular joint reduced,tighten Ethibond tail and fix the knot,close the wound.Two groups of patients were immobilized by neck wrist sling for 6weeks.The immediate postoperative activity of elbow and wrist joint were demanded,shoulder joint passive exercise beginning at 2weeks,then start the shoulder joint initiative and resistance strength training after 6to 8weeks.After 6months the patients were allowed to engage in some contact sports activities.Through clinical examination,X-ray and CC-Dist measurements,then calculate the improvement rate,(CC-Dist value:the vertical distance between coracoid plane and the subclavian plane on the shoulder joint radiograph)and the Constant score was used to evaluate the curative effect.The Constant score,composed of the following 8parts:the shoulder pain(15points),daily activities(20points),range of motion of the shoulder joint(40points)(external rotation,internal rotation,abduction,flexion,each 10points),strength test(25points),wherein the objective score accounted for 65%,subjective scores accounted for 35%.The higher total score is,the better function the shoulder joint has.Excellent:≥90;good:80~89;general:70-79;poor≤70.All the data were analysed by SPSS 19.0statistical software.The imaging measurements,postoperative pain and functional scores were compared for the treatment group.Use t test orχ2test data to analysis statistically,the difference was statistically significant when P <0.05.Results29patients obtained a 1to 4years(mean 2.5years)follow-up.At last the improvement rate of the Constant score of autologous ligament group and Ethibond suture group were 47.31%and 47.01%,with no significant difference between them (t=0.136,P =0.893).The improvement rate of CC-Dist value of the Autologous ligament group and Ethibond suture group were 38.51%and 43.16%,there was an significant difference between the two groups (t = -2.895,P =0.007).Postoperative complications:two patients had a slight loss of reduction of the acromioclavicular joint.The autograft ligament group is more severe than the Ethibond suture group.Among them there were 4cases of the autologous ligament group,3cases of the Ethibond suture group.The 4patients of the autologous ligament group were satisfied with the appearance and function.The 3patients were not significantly abnormal,but 2patients complained a tightness of the shoulder and a soreness discomfort of the upper limbs.Conclusions The arthroscopic reconstruction of coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligament with semitendinosus tendon and the reconstruction with double EndoButton plate and Ethibond suture could improve the function of the shoulder joint,both the two have different advantages.
Arthroscopy;Ligament reconstruction;Acromioclavicular joint;Dislocation
Fu Shijie,Email:fu_fsj@sina.com.cn
2014-04-13)
(本文编辑:李静)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.03.004
646000 泸州医学院附属中医医院骨科
扶世杰,Email:fu_fsj@sina.com.cn
汪国友,沈骅睿,曾胜强,等.全关节镜下治疗肩锁关节脱位[J/CD].中华肩肘外科电子杂志,2014,2(3):151-156.