谈谈高考英语阅读题的解题方法

黄安河

【摘 要】在满分150分的广东高考英语试卷中仅阅读一大题（含第一节阅读理解和第二节信息匹配）占50分，是整卷中所占比例最大的题型；阅读理解成绩的高低是决定着英语的“命运”。本文着重谈谈一些有效的解题方法，以提高学生的高考英语总成绩。

【关键词】阅读理解；解题方法

广东省高考英语阅读题的分值占总分的50/150，即三分之一，是所有题型中占分比例最大的一道题。自从我省实行命题以来，高考英语加大了对阅读考查的力度。一份总分150分的高考英语试题中，第一大题为听力，占15分，包括有朗读、角色扮演和口头作文三部分；第二大题为原来的单选题改为文章段落的语法填空，赋分15分；第三大题为阅读（含阅读理解和信息匹配），共50分和第四大题的作文，赋分40分，其中基础写作15分和读写任务25分，无不充斥着篇章阅读，整卷几乎成了阅读的“海洋”。故很显然，提高阅读能力，做好阅读题是学生取得高考英语好成绩的关键，也成为师生共同关注的问题，那么采用什么方法来提高阅读理解成绩呢？

根据笔者多年从事高三英语教学的经验，谈谈一些行之有效的解题方法，与大家共享。可把阅读理解选择题分为以下主要的四种类型：

一、词义猜测题

这类题目考查学生依据上下文理解、推断词汇或句子的意思的能力。它是高考英语阅读理解中的一个难点，同学们应引起充分重视。请看下面一道词义猜测题：

I think people have got it wrong when they talk about competition between the different media. They actually feed off each other. Some people once foresaw that television would kill off newspapers， but that hasnt happened. What is read on the printed page lasts longer than pictures on a screen or sound lost in the air. And as for the Internet， its never really pleasant to read something just on a screen.

The phrase “feed off” in the last paragraph means _______.

A. depend on B. compete with

C. fight with D. kill off

作者上一句說人们错误地认为各各种不同的媒体相互竞争，而下一句作者又说 They actually feed off each other（注意句中 actually 一词），再结合所给的四个选项，可知选A为合适。

二、细节理解题

也即是说，这类题目考查学生理解用以阐述主旨的事实和有关细节的能力，也是指针对文章的某个事实或细节而设置的题型。细节理解题的命题有很多方法，如可能是对某个细节用同义词或句转换后进行考查、也可能是将文章中的几个细节放在一起要求考生判断，选出正确的一项或对好几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案，此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算。请看下面一道细节理解题：

A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made man — the man who has risen to the top through his own efforts， usually beginning by working with his hands. While the leader in business or industry or the college professor occupies a higher social position and commands greater respect in the community than the common laborer or even the skilled factory worker， he may take pains to point out that his father started life in America as a farmer or laborer of some sort.

From paragraph 1， we can know that in America _________.

A.people tend to have a high opinion of the self-made man

B.people can always rise to the top through their won efforts

C.college professors win great respect from common workers

D.people feel painful to mention their fathers as labors.

这是细节理解题。 根据 文章第一句“A characteristic of American culture that has become almost a tradition is to respect the self-made made. ”。我们可以了解到，“崇尚自我奋斗”是几乎成为传统的美国文化的特点，文中的respect与选项中的have a high opinion of意思相近，所以答案选A。

三、推理判断题

这类题目考查学生上下文之间的逻辑关系并在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上根据所读材料进行一定的判断，推理和引申的能力。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，应特别注意：当问及作者的看法、意图与态度时，不要误认为是在问“你”（考生）的想法，而是作者本人在字里行间所表述的观点，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。请看下面一个段落：

Its quite possible that in the next century newspapers will be transmitted（传送） electronically from Fleet Street and printed out in our own home. In fact， Im pretty sure that how it will happen in the future. You will probably be able to choose from a menu， making up your own newspaper by picking out the things you want to read — sports and international news， etc.

What will probably be on in the newspaper made by yourself？

A. Sports and international news.

B. A menu of important news.

C. The most important news.

D. What you are interested in.

本文大意講的是下一世纪报纸将从舰队街（英国的报馆所在地）用电子传送出来，在我们家里印刷。作者非常相信未来会是这样，你会从菜单中挑选感兴趣的内容如体育新闻或国际新闻等，自己编辑报纸。

此题要求考生推测未来的报纸将有什么内容，属推理判断题。从文章最后一句You will probably be able to choose from a menu， making up your own newspaper by picking out the things you want to read… 可推知此题答案为D最佳，而A项只是部分内容，不全面。

四、主旨大意题

这类题目主要考查学生判断、分析、概括文章大意的能力。做这类题时，考生要求把全文通读一遍，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达中心思想，其他句子均围绕主题句进行展开。主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但有时位于段落中间（通常是第一段或最后一段的中间）。主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。请看下面一个段落：

The main reason for the widespread demand for English is its present-day importance as a world language. Besides serving the indefinite needs of its native speakers， English is a language in which some of important works in science， technology， and other fields are being produced， and not always by native speakers. It is widely used for such purposes as meteorological and airport communications， international conferences， and the spread of information over the radio and television networks of many nations. It is a language of wider communication for a number of developing countries， especially former British colonies. Many of these countries have multilingual populations and need a language for internal communication in such matters as government， commerce， industry， law and education as well as for international communication and for entrance to the scientific and technological developments in the West.

What would be the best title for this passage？

A. The Difficulties of Learning English

B. International Communications

C. The Standard Varieties of English

D. English as a World Language

通读全文，如果学生训练有素的话，不难发现本段第1句是主题句，概括了本文的中心思想，再通读全文，可了解到：人们迫切学英语是因为英语作为世界语言这个重要地位，以及英语在各个国家的各个领域的应用，故本文的标题可推知为D。

做阅读理解题还有一些见效的步骤：①阅读题干，即问题。②快读掌握大意，不必纠缠细节。③阅读题目及其选项，寻找相关之处并预选答案。可在文中相应处作些符号。④带着问题略读原文，确认答案。我们在进行高考阅读理解题型的训练中，让学生掌握这些技巧对他们做阅读理解题有着事半功倍的效果。

总之，阅读理解是一个长期训练的过程，因此，教师在讲解试题时要从题目上引导学生在阅读中找到方法，循序渐进地就一定能达到目的。