词块法在《高三英语·语法复习》的案例应用
2014-03-21赵怡
赵怡
(无锡市辅仁高级中学,江苏 无锡 214123)
词块法在《高三英语·语法复习》的案例应用
赵怡
(无锡市辅仁高级中学,江苏 无锡 214123)
目前,高三英语语法复习更多地聚焦于静态的语法规则,教学策略较僵化,学生语法运用能力薄弱,导致高三英语复习进入高原期。词块,作为一个完整的词汇-语法单位,包含了隐性的语法特征,为学生学习语法提供了有利条件。因此,作者以词块理论为基础,活化教学策略,将其贯穿于高三各复习环节中,学生在动态的语言探究和交际过程中提高了语言输出质量和语法运用能力,为全面提高高三英语复习质量奠定了基础。
高三英语 语法复习 词块理论
一、问题的提出
高中语法学习分为三个阶段,一是语法新授项目的学习理解阶段;二是归纳巩固高考核心语法项目的复习阶段;三是转化语法知识为语法运用能力的生成阶段。如何教才能优化语法复习教学,将语法知识转变为语法能力,促进学生综合技能的提升,是广大英语教师积极探索的问题。目前的高三语法复习方式主要为教师反复讲解规则,学生被动消极地机械操练,大量进行语法单句练习和专项练习,这种沉闷枯燥的教学方式和复习方式直接导致学生思维僵化,课堂缺乏动态生成,语言综合技能无法有效提高,继而导致高三英语复习进入僵化或高原期。
近年来,词块理论逐渐成为教学法研究的热门话题。由于词块是语法和词汇相互渗透、不可分割的“语法化的词汇”[1],因此词块被视为理想的语法教学单位。词块是语法、语义和语境的统一体,它所具有的语法特征和语用功能,把语法学习和交际活动结合在一起,有效促进学生语言知识与技能的协调发展。将词块理论应用于语法复习中,能扭转当前英语教学语言规则与形式意义分离的僵局,打破高三英语语法复习输入与输出不成正比的僵局。学生在动态的语言学习环境中活化语法复习策略,主动地探究并内化语法规则,建构知识网络,快速准确地提取词块进行输出,从而有效提高语法能力和语言综合技能。因此,组织以词块为纽带的语法复习教学,能引导学生回归语法学习的本源,为有效提高高三英语复习的整体质量奠定基础。
二、词块理论概述
(一)词块的定义与分类
词块是以固定或半固定预置模块形式存在于人类大脑词汇记忆库中的,被人们在实际言语行为中频繁使用的,在语义、语用、语言认知和话语结构等方面具有特定语言生成能力的多词组合。Nattinger和DeCarrico(1992)把词块分为四类:(1)聚合词语,如:by and large。(2)约定俗成的表达方式,如:How do you do?(3)限制性结构短语,如:the___ er,the
_er。(4)句子构造型短语,如:not only X,but also Y。
(二)词块在高三英语语法复习中的作用
以词块为高三英语语法复习的基本单位,有利于引导学生主动探究词块内部包含的隐性语法结构的内在规律,提高对复杂语言现象的归纳、分析和解释能力;有利于克服母语负迁移的影响,养成用英语思维的习惯,避免按语言规则临时构造句子而出现的结构、词汇搭配、语用等方面的错误,提高学生语言输出的流利性和地道性[2];有利于学生理解并掌握语篇的衔接、连贯手段,以及基本的篇章结构和逻辑关系,提高学生的语篇意识和语篇运用能力;有利于减轻学生的记忆负荷,有效提高语言资源信息处理效率,提高复习效率。另外,词块为高三学生构建语法知识块提供了有效帮助,学生在系统有序的复习中激活了已有语法图式,在输入、内化提取和输出词块的过程中促进了思维能力和自主学习能力的提高。
三、以词块为核心,活化语法复习的策略
(一)专题语法复习课动态化
【总体思路】教师通过话题导入引导学生激活原有图式,探究、归纳词块共性规律,并分析、比较同一语法项目内分支项目间词块形式、意义和用法的区别。通过高考语篇的展示,凸显高频考点中的词块,促进学生对该语法项目的深度学习。同时,由于从语言的“陈述性知识”到“程序性知识”需要经历“自动化”(即让学生做各种形式的词块练习),从“程序性知识”到“运用能力”需要经历“重构”[3](即让学生在交际活动中运用词块),因此教师应创设情境、提供语篇,将语法词块复习融入交际活动中,进行不同形式的操练内化和输出词块。在这一过程中,教师引导学生从语法词块静态组织结构的探究过渡到动态交际能力的生成,使学生的认知结构和主体意识都动起来或不自觉地转化为语言运用能力。
【案例】“虚拟语气”专题复习课
1.在实例话题中激活词块
授课时,美国大选刚过,教师以此热点新闻为背景,以自己虽与奥巴马夫人有同样的英文名Michelle,却无缘成为美国第一夫人为切入点,轻松幽默地导入本课话题:Michelle Obama和她的演讲。在话题展开的过程中,以填空、翻译、替换等形式,逐步激活学生头脑中已有的词块图式,并逐项归纳虚拟语气基本结构。现以非真实条件句中的三种典型词块为例:
If I___ (be)Michelle Obama,I___ (be)the First Lady.(were;would be)
If Michelle Obama___ (not support)Obama firmly,possibly Obama____(lose) the election.(hadn’t supported;would have lost)
She made people believe if they___ (fail)to vote for Obama,they___ (not make)their voice heard.(should fail;would not make)
If 从句 主句__Present were/did would/could/should/might do Past had done would/could/should/might have done __Future did/were to/should would/could/should/might do_____
2.在合作探究中归纳词块
观察—发现—比较—归纳式的认知策略有助于学生理解和内化语法规则,使他们逐步构建起清晰且完整的语法知识图式。在学生大脑中相应的词块图式被激活后,教师布置学生以小组活动互相合作探究,绘制虚拟语气思维导图。在这一过程中,学生的思维能力得到训练,相应的词块信息遵循一定的线索被有序地组织成块。如某一小组的归纳成果:
3.在高考语篇中深化词块
教师设计高考链接板块,以高考真题中的语篇为依托,促进学生深度学习虚拟语气的形式、意义与用法,引导学生讨论探究相应的策略。
Trick 1:Implication in dialogue(2011江苏高考)
——I left my handbag on the train,but luckily someone gave it to a railway official.
——How unbelievable to get it back!I mean,someone____it.
A.will have stolen
B.might have stolen
C.should have stolen
D.must have stolen
围绕此对话语篇,学生展开讨论,答案众说纷纭。此时教师介入,引导学生从关键词luckily和unbelievable入手,通过词块替换:I mean,if I had not been so lucky,someone might have stolen my wallet.自然引出正确答案B。归纳出策略:(1)关注语境中表示说话人情感、态度的关键词;(2)用词块替换或补充的形式剖析句子意义。
4.在活动中巩固词块
教师分别呈现童年、少年、青年时代的照片,以My story为话题设计一个语篇,学生在与教师的采访交流中,对语篇进行填空并在目标词块出现处用头脑风暴的方式说出各种不同的表达方式。然后教师设计学生互相之间的采访活动,把课堂气氛推向高潮,学生在愉快的氛围中使用了目标词块,在积极的情感体验中潜移默化地内化了词块知识,活化为语法能力。语篇如下:
When I was only 3,I got a very serious disease.If my parents___ me to hospital,I___ died or become a fool.But I was lucky;the fate favored me.___ the expert from No.2 Hospital,I would not stand here today.When I was a little girl,I was inspired by a very motivational priest.She spoke English as if she _from America.“I wish I___ a priest or a writer one day.”However,life didn’t go in my way.I didn’t realize my dream;otherwise I___ lucky enough to be your teacher.When I was 24,I met an important man in a corridor.In the dim light,a voice from God rang in my ears,“This is your White Horse.” I _by the corridor,I would not have a happy family now.
Now it’s time that you___ your story.
(Answers:had not rushed;would have;But for/Without;had come;would become;would not be;Had...not passed;told)
学生输出的不同表达方式如下:(1) Without the expert from No.2 Hospital,I would not stand here today.(2)If it had not been for the expert from No.2 Hospital,I would not stand here today.(3)Had it not been for the expert from No.2 Hospital,I would not stand here today.(4)A doctor from No.2 Hospital saved me,otherwise I would not stand here today.
5.在写作中输出词块
在本课的末尾,教师呈现一首小诗:Our life goes on without unreal conditionals./You can regret for the past,but you cannot change it./You can forget your mistake,but you cannot erase it./So cherish every moment that you have now.引发学生共鸣与讨论,并以Start now为题布置写作练习,其中使用至少5个包含虚拟语气的词块,完成对目标语法的输出。教师提供范文如下:
When compared with others,we always excuse us by saying:“(1)If I were that guy,I would do it better.”After doing something wrong,we often regret by thinking:“(2)If I had been given the chance again,the result could have been great.”Facing too many tasks,we usually comfort ourselves by believing:“(3)Should I start tomorrow,it would not make any difference.”(4)But reality has taught us that wishes would never be realized but for our practice.(5)I would rather myself focused on today,(6)as is suggested by those wise men that we should live our life to the fullest since life is too short to let it pass us by.(7)So it is time we started right now.
(二)二轮语法复习动态化
【总体思路】《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》语言知识目标九级规定,学生应逐步接触和了解较为复杂的语言现象,对较复杂的语言现象具有一定的归纳、分析和解释能力[4]。因此,在二轮语法复习中,教师应突破各语法板块之间的界限,启发学生调动各种思维方式,以意义、功能、结构、高频词为中心点采用聚类、辐射词块等策略,把具有共性规律的词块聚集成块,比较异同,突破难点,自我建构知识,优化词块提取方式。在上述过程中,静态的词块通过不同的路径结成一张动态的网,激发学生进一步自主探究的意识,有助于提高学生准确运用语法知识进行输入和输出的能力[5]。
1.按照意义聚类
以下不同的词块表达了同样的意义:
It is well known that Taiwan is part of China.(it作形式主语的主语从句词块)
As is well known,Taiwan is part of China.(定语从句词块)
What is well known is that Taiwan is part of China.(主语从句词块)
2.按照功能聚类
以下不同的词块表达了同样的功能:强调功能:
It is teamwork that makes our class succeed in the art festival.
What makes our class succeed in the art festival is teamwork.
Only through teamwork can we succeed in the art festival.
Teamwork does make our class successful in the art festival.
3.根据焦点辐射
以语法高频词为焦点进行辐射,多维度构建词块群。以as一词为例:
(1)He is such a great man as everyone admires.(定语从句)/He is such a great man that everyone admires him.(状语从句)
(2)A is three times as big as B./A is three times the size of B.(比较状语从句)
(3)Child as he is,he knows a lot./Though he is a child,he knows a lot./Despite the fact that he is a child,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句)
在摘记归类词块的同时,教师应提醒学生注意词块在具体语篇中的使用,可记下例句或对话以方便准确提取。如:
(1)—May I borrow your bike? —With pleasure.
(2)—Can I close the window? —Go ahead.
(3)—Let’s go to the flower show.—Why not?
(三)语法复习素材动态化
【总体思路】语法的复习素材不应仅局限于静态的语法知识本身,还应渗透和拓展至阅读写作专项复习、模块课文复习、课外美文赏析等高三英语复习的各个板块中。唯有这样,才能增加语法词块的复现几率,让学生在不断动态生成的文本材料中激活、提取、巩固词块知识,加强学生从语法知识到语法运用能力的转变,真正促进学生各项技能的全面提高。
1.渗透阅读文本
模块11 Task板块中有一篇美文success,其中以where...,they see…的状语从句词块构成三个排比句,生动地阐述了成功者的特征。Where others see failure,they see possibility. Where others see a lack,they see a surplus.Where others see a closed door,they see an open window.三个排比句读来朗朗上口,回味无穷,充分展现了英语语言的美。教师应用这一语篇的连贯策略,围绕目标词块设计段落翻译练习,引导学生内化吸收词块。段落翻译后的范文如下:
It is strange that many a person consider being a teacher easy and relaxing.Where others see long holidays,I see busy work.Where others see a good salary,I see selfless devotion. Where others see boredom,I see challenges.As my students are improving themselves with my help,I feel a sense of success. Being the teacher of so many successful students is my biggest success.
2.作文专题复习课
在一篇以林书豪为话题的作文中,学生被要求从胜利、天赋、教育、运气四个角度阐述林书豪成功的原因。在初次写作后,教师发现学生用以表示原因的词块单一、篇章衔接连贯意识薄弱,因此,在二次写作过程中,以头脑风暴形式,启发学生提取多样的词块修改文章,提高了语篇的可读性。范例如下:
To begin with,with a talent for playing basketball,Lin is bound to succeed.Besides,as an old saying goes,“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.”Lin is no exception.It is his diligence that makes him stand out among NBA players.What’s more,what sets him apart from other players is education,which plays a key role in motivating him to carry on and making him wiser and more skillful.Last but not least,to some extent,fortune favors Lin.Had Lin not been offered the chance,he would be an ordinary basketball player now.
四、结语
在以词块为媒介的高三英语语法复习中,教师应培养和加强学生对词块的敏感度,积极探索活化教学和学习策略的方式,渗透或开发多种语法复习资源,从而使学生处在一个不断感悟、体会、归纳、应用语言规律的动态过程中,潜移默化地把静态的语法结构组织原则活化为动态的语法运用能力,从而从根本上全面提高高三英语复习质量。
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