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胆管癌肿瘤标记物研究进展

2013-04-09王湛博韦立新

海南医学 2013年9期
关键词:胆管癌胰腺癌胆管

王湛博,韦立新

(中国人民解放军总医院病理科,北京100853)

胆管癌肿瘤标记物研究进展

王湛博,韦立新

(中国人民解放军总医院病理科,北京100853)

胆管癌是起源于胆管系统的上皮来源恶性肿瘤,中国胆管癌患者数量较多,因而胆管癌研究在我国具有特殊意义。手术切除是首选的治疗手段,但早期诊断十分困难,因此寻找胆管癌诊断性标志物非常重要。本文介绍了近年出现的几种对胆管癌早期诊断很有意义的肿瘤标记物。

胆管癌;治疗;肿瘤标记物

胆管系统分肝内和肝外两部分。肝外胆管和胆囊来自肝芽突蒂;肝门部以上的肝内胆管则来自门管区周围肝母细胞。胆管癌占肝胆系统肿瘤的10%~15%、消化道肿瘤的2%[1]。目前,胆管癌的发病率呈上升趋势[2]。中国人每年新发病例大约占全世界的55%[3]。2009年AJCC(American joint committee on cancer)将胆管癌分为肝内胆管癌、肝外胆管癌两大类,后者又分为肝门周围或近端型(Perihilar or proximal groups)和远端型(Distal group)。

胆管癌的危险因素具有地域差异性,现已确认与胆管癌发生相关的因素有慢性病毒感染(乙型及丙型病毒肝炎)、慢性溃疡性结肠炎、肝吸虫感染、原发性硬化性胆管炎、肝内胆管结石、先天性胆道畸形等。糖尿病和胆肠吻合术与胆管癌的关系也很受关注。中国胆管癌患者10%有胆管结石病史,西方患者40%有原发性硬化性胆管炎病史。胆管癌的临床症状特异性不强,出现胆道梗阻时已经是进展期。治疗主要依靠根治切除,切除范围广,并发症多,预后较差。近年胆管癌根治切除率上升至64%~71%,但切除后的5年生存率仅提高到21%~30%[4]。化疗和肝移植等治疗手段均不理想[5]。因此寻找胆管癌早期诊断的分子标志物对患者的预后就十分重要了。本文现将几种可能成为胆管癌早期诊断的标志物介绍如下:

1 S100A9

S100A9蛋白(CalgranulinB蛋白、MRP14蛋白)属于钙结合蛋白S100蛋白家族,常与S100A8形成同(异)二聚体,甚至四聚体[6]。S100A9可高选择性和高亲和性地结合Ca2+、Zn2+等离子,具备细胞外和细胞内调节活性,参与细胞迁移、花生四烯酸代谢、骨髓细胞成熟等生物学过程[7]。S100A9表达水平在炎症性病变中经常升高[8],在肿瘤的发生中也起重要作用[9]。有研究表明,S100A8/A9蛋白复合物通过两条途径导致癌细胞的凋亡:(1)经典的线粒体一细胞色素C旁路途径;(2)S100A8/A9与zn2+结合,因为Zn2+是casepase-3的稳定剂,当细胞内Zn2+浓度降低时,casepase-3被激活,最终导致凋亡[10]。S100A9在甲状腺癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌和膀胱癌等中均有上调表达,而在食管鳞状细胞癌、头颈部鳞状细胞癌等中则下调表达。有人报道,S100A9的高表达与腺癌的侵袭和转移相关[11]。胆管炎性病变中S100A9血清水平升高,在原发性硬化性胆管炎中升高更为明显[12]。有人运用蛋白组学的方法发现S100A9可能是一个提示胆道肿瘤的特异性标志物[13]。近期,有文献报道胆管癌中S100A9阳性率高达92.5%(37/40)[14]。S100A9在胆管癌中的提示作用还需要分别在肝内及肝外胆管癌的大样本实验中进行总结。

2 S100P

S100P蛋白是S100蛋白家族的1个亚型,由95个氨基酸残基组成,因从胎盘(Placenta)中分离出来而得名。S100P蛋白作为一种钙结合蛋白,与钙周期结合蛋白(CacyBP/SIP)、埃兹蛋白(ezrin)、晚期糖基化终末产物(RAGE)、S100P结合蛋白(S100PBPR)等靶蛋白结合,参与细胞信号转导过程,从而在细胞异常增生、细胞恶变等肿瘤发生发展的病理过程中发挥重要作用。S100P蛋白在多种肿瘤组织如肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌等高表达,有人认为可能和基因的低甲基化有关[15]。Dowen等[16]发现,S100P在胰腺癌表达水平的升高与胰腺上皮内瘤变(PanIN)的程度正相关。吴建国等[17]亦发现S100P蛋白在高、中、低分化胰腺癌组织中表达有明显差异。因此,有人认为,S100P蛋白可以作为胰腺癌早期诊断的标志物[18]。胆管癌和胰腺癌具有组织学类型和免疫表型的相似性[19]。Lin等[20]发现S100P蛋白在胰腺癌和胆管癌中都有诊断价值。Hamada等[21]在一组肝内胆管癌病例中发现S100P阳性率为75.6%,而正常胆管上皮都是阴性表达。有人发现胆管上皮从反应性增生到上皮内瘤变及高分化癌的演变过程中,S100P的表达率呈逐渐递升趋势[22]。Tsai等[23]发现在伴有结石形成的肝内胆管癌病例中S100P可以100%阳性,而在管内型胆管癌中也全部阳性表达,因此认为S100P可能是胆管癌的诊断标记物。S100P蛋白的表达率在肝内胆管癌和肝门部胆管癌有差异,说明肝门部胆管癌和肝内胆管癌的成瘤机制有区别。有文献报道[24],S100P的表达还和肿瘤的耐药性和转移的高风险相关。不过,S100P蛋白表达不够特异[20]。在良性胆管上皮病变中,会有灶状或片状的阳性表达,不过此时上皮细胞胞核阳性,胞浆阴性。而在胆管癌或胆管上皮内瘤变区域,胞核胞浆均为强阳性表达,此点可作为鉴别[25]。

3 FXYD6

FXYD6蛋白是FXYD家族新成员,人们首先在大鼠脑和肾脏中克隆获得,染色体定位于ll号染色体长臂(11q23.3)[26]。FXYD蛋白最主要的结构特点是中心为单跨膜节段的核心结构,两端是不同的N端和C端,N端位于细胞外,有时包括一个单肽,C端在细胞内,C端比N端对蛋白的控制作用更强。FXYD蛋白广泛分布于哺乳动物各器官内,特别是在转运流动性液体和溶质或有电流产生的器官中表达尤其显著,如肾脏、胰腺、前列腺、肝脏、神经、肌肉等,但各个成员的表达都有不同的组织特异性[27]。FXYD6是Na+/K+-ATP酶的组织特异性调节蛋白,推测FXYD6可能通过调节Na+/K+-ATP酶的活性而影响肿瘤细胞的分化和增殖[28]。FXYD6蛋白在胰腺癌组织中高表达,而在正常胰腺组织中不表达或低表达,提示FXYD6在胰腺癌的发病机制中发挥一定作用,随着胰腺癌分化程度的由高到低,FXYD6蛋白染色强度逐渐增强;在出现淋巴结转移的胰腺癌组织中,FXYD6蛋白表达也明显增强[29]。有人通过差异显示PCR方法,发现FXYD6 mRNA表达与胆管癌分化程度呈负相关,从正常胆管、高分化胆管癌到低分化胆管癌,FXYD6蛋白表达量依次递增[30]。FXYD6基因在胆管癌的转化、演进过程中可能起重要作用,但还要通过大样本实验来验证。

4 P16

MTS1/Pl6基因位于人第九号染色体短臂,由3个外显子和两个内含子组成,外显子序列能编码细胞周期素依赖性激酶CDK的抑制蛋白p16。p16蛋白有两个特点:①在其氨基端有一结构与细胞周期蛋白P盒子的氨基端同源;②它含有4个特征性的锚蛋白(Ankyrin)重复序列。CDK4与细胞周期蛋白(Cyclin D)形成的复合物促进G1-S期转变,从而促进细胞的增生,这可能是肿瘤发生的重要因素。pl6为CDK4的抑制因子,与CDK4-CyclinD1复合物结合,使CDK4不能与Rb磷酸化,阻滞细胞进入G1/S期,导致细胞增殖抑制而使细胞生长停滞。因此,一旦p16基因发生变异,细胞增殖将无限制进行下去,最终导致肿瘤发生。MTS1/pl6基因的突变和缺失在人类多种肿瘤组织中广泛存在,主要突变形式是纯合缺失和异常甲基化,此外还有杂合缺失、插入点突变和移码突变等。Yoshida等[31]发现在胆管癌细胞株中有p16基因缺失,原发性胆道癌手术切除标本中63%有p16基因突变并显著高于p53基因的突变。Ishikawa等[32]根据胆管上皮内瘤变的程度分组后发现,随着上皮内瘤变级别的升高,p16的表达率逐渐降低,p16的缺失将会加快细胞更新、复制,形成恶性循环,加快肿瘤的形成。周浩辉等[33]报道,肝内胆管癌组织中p16蛋白表达率为55.4%。中-低分化肝胆管癌P16蛋白阳性表达显著低于高分化癌。而正常肝内胆管上皮几乎均表达p16蛋白(93.3%),肝胆管结石症中增生的胆管上皮p16阳性率为78%。有文献报道,p16阳性的胆管癌比阴性的胆管癌预后好,p16的失表达现象在肝内胆管癌比肝外胆管癌中更常见[34]。肝内胆管癌中p16启动子超甲基化导致的失活能促进胆管癌的形成与发展[35]。有人证实,胆管内乳头状肿瘤和黏液囊性肿瘤都有p16的丢失,说明其可能有共同的肿瘤形成通路[36]。Gonda等[37]强调,p16作为胆管肿瘤的预测指标时,使用FISH法更准确。

5 IMP3

IMP3(Insulin like growth factor mRNA-binding protein 3)是胰岛素样生长因子mRNA结合蛋白家族的一员。最初,IMP3是在胰腺癌的基因筛查中被发现的,该基因编码的蛋白被命名为肿瘤中过表达的K同源区域包含蛋白(K Homology Domain Containing Protein Overexpressed in Cancer)。该基因定位于7p112,编码580氨基酸组成的癌胚RNA结合蛋白。IMP3蛋白在胚胎形成早期有多器官广泛表达。在RNA运输、稳定、细胞生长和迁移中起着重要作用[38]。而在胚胎形成后,该基因保持沉默[39]。在正常成年人,只有胎盘有表达,偶有淋巴结生发中心、卵巢、睾丸、脑、毛发的毛囊内根鞘、小肠黏膜、子宫颈内膜局限阳性表达的报道,不过用普通的免疫组化法很难检测[40]。目前已经证明IMP3在肺癌、胰腺癌、肾癌、宫颈原位腺癌、肝癌、骨肉瘤、膀胱尿路上皮癌和子宫内膜浆液性癌等呈高表达[41]。IMP3作为一种癌胚蛋白(Oncofetal protein)具有刺激和调节肿瘤细胞增殖的重要作用[42]。Yantiss等[43]报道,胰腺癌中IMP3的阳性率为97%。Riener等[44]报道,肝内胆管癌中IMP3阳性率约为58.3%。Michael等[45]发现,IMP3在胆管癌的表达特异性很好,正常的胆管上皮均为阴性。有文献报道,IMP3在胆管癌中敏感性达92%,特异性达95%[46]。IMP3的表达与Ki67和p53相关,可能是胆管癌的独立预后因子[47],在肿瘤的侵袭和转移中发挥重要作用[48]。不过,IMP3在胆管上皮发生轻-中度不典型增生时为阴性,在重度不典型增生和原位癌时为阳性表达,所以,它在判定肿瘤是否发生浸润时,价值不大[49]。在阳性表达的病例中,有50%的病例表达模式为灶状阳性,这对结果的判读困难很大[50]。

现在,人们热衷于用蛋白组学来研究和筛选肿瘤标志物。但胆管癌和胰腺导管腺癌类似,很少出现成片的肿瘤细胞,其癌性间质较为丰富,每份肿瘤中的细胞数量都不一样。Sheikh等[51]使用激光显微切割技术,在胰腺癌的研究中发现恶性肿瘤细胞无S100A9表达,而肿瘤相关的间质中有S100A9的表达。胆管癌与胰腺癌特点相似[19],因此通过蛋白组学筛选出来的胆管癌肿瘤标志物真正应用还要建立在病理形态学诊断基础之上,并需要在大样本的实验中证实。

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R735.9

A

1003—6350(2013)09—1322—04

10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2013.09.0557

2013-02-06)

解放军总医院临床科研扶持基金(编号:2012FC-TSYS-4008)

韦立新。E-mail:weilx301@263.net

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