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HER2阳性的进展期胃癌目前和未来的靶向治疗

2013-01-25刘宝清门斯烨薛雾松张少辉刘会良周春宇杨成城

中国医药指南 2013年21期
关键词:拉帕抵抗单抗

余 文 刘宝清 门斯烨 薛雾松* 张少辉 刘会良 周春宇 杨成城 吴 伟

(北京中医药大学东方医院普通外科,北京 100078)

HER2阳性的进展期胃癌目前和未来的靶向治疗

余 文 刘宝清 门斯烨 薛雾松* 张少辉 刘会良 周春宇 杨成城 吴 伟

(北京中医药大学东方医院普通外科,北京 100078)

目前对胃癌中人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)的预测价值存有争议。当前的治疗指南已经把检测胃癌中HER2状态作为标准化操作。最近,在治疗HER2阳性进展期胃癌中,曲妥珠单抗已经成为一线靶向治疗用药,而原发与继发性药物抵抗则成为主要问题,需要新的治疗策略来克服这种抵抗。许多HER2阳性进展期胃癌患者在接受曲妥珠单抗治疗后都出现疾病进展,必须接受二线方案治疗。新的靶向药物,诸如酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)拉帕替尼、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路抑制剂依维莫司、热休克蛋白90(HSP90)抑制剂AUY922、HER二聚化抑制剂帕妥珠单抗以及抗体-药物偶联物曲妥珠单抗-emtansine(T-DM1),在以曲妥珠单抗为基础的一线治疗失败时可以成为二线治疗用药。

胃癌;人表皮生长因子受体;曲妥珠单抗抵抗;多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂;二线治疗;靶向治疗

1 简 介

胃癌在全世界最常见的恶性肿瘤中排名第四,因肿瘤而死亡的患者中,胃癌占第二位[1]。有临床前研究证实[2],曲妥珠单抗对过度表达人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)的胃癌细胞具有抗肿瘤活性。在曲妥珠单抗治疗胃癌的临床实验中(ToGA实验)[3],化疗方案中增加曲妥珠单抗和没有增加相比,总生存期(OS)改善明显。约20%的胃癌过度表达HER2[4]。本文集中讨论HER2阳性进展期胃癌(AGC)目前和未来HER2的靶向治疗。

2 HER2阳性AGC的治疗

人源化重组单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗通过两种可能的机制来发挥其治疗功效:第一种,直接作用机制,即阻断HER2信号传导通路,减少这种受体的表达,从而抑制血管的生成,减少DNA的修复以及诱导细胞凋亡;第二种,间接作用机制,是通过抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒性反应(ADCC)进行的[5]。

在ToGA实验中[3],研究人员随机将594名(50%是亚裔)HER2阳性的胃腺癌(占80%)和胃食管连接部(GEJ)癌症(占20%)患者分为两组,对照组接受顺铂和卡培他滨/氟尿嘧啶(CX方案)治疗,实验组在接受CX治疗的同时还接受曲妥珠单抗(T+CX方案)治疗。结果发现实验组患者的OS明显延长(13.8个月比11.1个月,P=0.0046)[3]。这一结果暗示出T+CX方案将病死率风险减少了26%。另外研究还发现实验组的治疗总缓解率也明显增加(47%比35%,P=0.0017)。在ToGA实验中[3],从西欧国家来源的患者中,无论是CX组还是T+CX组,仅有超过40%的患者接受的是二线方案治疗。与此相比,在日本和韩国,有超过70%的患者接受二线治疗。

当前,尽管有依立替康(CPT-11)的出现,AGC仍然没有标准的二线治疗方案。二线药物治疗的平均缓解率为13%,PFS为2.5~5.0个月,平均OS为5.6个月[6]。近期发表的小规模随机Ⅲ期临床实验报告中指出[7],在不知道HER2状态的AGC患者中,二线化疗要比最佳支持疗法延长OS更显著。

3 胃癌中曲妥珠单抗抵抗的机制

在ToGA实验中,研究人员发现在HER2阳性胃癌患者的化疗方案中增加曲妥珠单抗仅使治疗缓解率增加了12%[3],这一结果暗示,对于这类人群可能存在高度内源性或原发性曲妥珠单抗抵抗。另外,多数最初对治疗有效果的患者后期会发展成获得性或继发性抵抗。

在有关HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌患者的临床实验中[8],“曲妥珠单抗抵抗”被定义为在接受曲妥珠单抗为基础的一线治疗后3个月内,在首次影像学复查时发现疾病出现进展;而“曲妥珠单抗耐受”则是患者在接受二线或其它包括曲妥珠单抗的替代治疗而从有效或稳定变为疾病进展。这种临床差异反映出不同的分子机制:在曲妥珠单抗抵抗的肿瘤中,内源性抵抗起主要作用,而在曲妥珠单抗耐受的肿瘤中,获得性抵抗更重要。

胃癌肿瘤内的异质性可能与曲妥珠单抗抵抗有关[9]。在最初敏感的肿瘤中,一部分不敏感的克隆如果持续接受曲妥珠单抗治疗可能会引起获得性抵抗。

目前对于曲妥珠单抗抵抗的分子机制还不甚清楚。编码PI3K催化结构域的基因发生突变(胃癌和食管癌的发生率分别为13%和6%)常常会导致下游PI3K/Akt信号传导通路的激活,由此会使胃-食管癌的细胞通过HER2相关受体和/或非HER受体如胰岛素样生长因子1受体(IGF1R)激活产生对曲妥珠单抗的抵抗[10]。在有些研究中已经证实[11],胃癌患者中IGF1R的过度表达与预后不佳相关联。另外,在超过50%的AGC患者中,都存在磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)肿瘤抑制基因的缺失,这与预后不良相关联,且会增强Akt/mTOR的信号传导,从而导致对曲妥珠单抗敏感性的下降[12]。

细胞表面蛋白,诸如粘蛋白,会减弱曲妥珠单抗与HER2受体间的联系,由此影响到药物的抑制作用[13]。伴护蛋白,如热休克蛋白90(HSP90),对HER2蛋白最初和成熟形式的稳定性都非常关键。在临床前期研究中[14]发现,HSP90抑制剂可以抑制胃癌细胞的生长。

4 克服曲妥珠单抗在胃癌中抵抗的策略—未来的治疗

4.1 mTOR抑制剂

在细胞培养模式中[15],mTOR抑制剂对HER2抑制达到最佳效果发挥着十分重要的作用。但是,在一项随机Ⅲ期临床实验(GRANITE-1)中显示[16],对于没有选择HER2状态且先前没有接受过以HER2为靶向治疗的AGC患者而言,依维莫司作为二线或三线方案治疗和安慰剂相比并没有改善OS,只是在无进展生存期(PFS)方面效果不错。在一项临床前期研究中发现[17],阻断mTOR蛋白复合物-1可以导致IGF1R的上调和mTOR蛋白复合物-2介导的HER2的表达。因此,可以在临床中评价新型全mTOR复合物抑制剂,以及mTOR抑制剂与以HER2和IGF1R为靶向治疗药物联合应用在HER2阳性胃癌患者中的使用情况[18]。

4.2 HSP90抑制剂

有临床前研究表明[19],NVP-AUY922,一种新型HSP90抑制剂,具有抑制胃癌细胞生长的潜在活性,并且当与细胞毒性化疗药物如5-FU和奥沙利铂联合应用时还有一定的协同作用。

4.3 曲妥珠单抗-emtansine(T-DM1)

有研究人员通过一种异种肿瘤细胞模型发现[20],抗体-药物偶联物T-DM1,即曲妥珠单抗与抗微小管药物DM1的联合体,在HER2阳性胃癌细胞中,即使是肿瘤细胞已经出现对曲妥珠单抗的抵抗,仍然表现出显著的抗肿瘤特性。只是目前还没有临床结果报告该药在胃癌患者中的疗效。

4.4 帕妥珠单抗

HER2-HER3异源性二聚体的形成是HER2导致的肿瘤细胞生长和增殖必不可少的[21]。曲妥珠单抗是与HER2细胞外区域中第Ⅳ区域结合,并不抑制配体活化的HER3与HER2的二聚化[5]。而帕妥珠单抗是一种人源化单克隆抗体,直接作用于HER2细胞外异源化区域第Ⅱ区域,可以有效地阻断HER2/HER3的异源二聚化。有临床前期研究发现[22],在HER2过度表达的胃癌细胞中,帕妥珠单抗与曲妥珠单抗和T-DM1联合应用是有效的。因此研究人员推测,对于曲妥珠单抗抵抗的HER2阳性胃癌患者,帕妥珠单抗治疗会带来不错的疗效。

4.5 全HER TKI

有临床前研究发现,全HER TK不可逆抑制剂(全HER TKI)如PF-00299804[23]和HM781-36B[24]可以导致HER2过度表达的人胃癌异种移植细胞的退化,主要是通过抑制HER家族受体的磷酸化和下游信号传导通路,阻断了EGFR/HER2、HER2/HER3和HER3/HER4的异源性二聚化。这些药物与其它化疗药物或分子靶向药物如曲妥珠单抗具有协同作用。它们算是第二代抑制剂,和第一代全HER TKI相比,它们药代动力学特性更好、半衰期更长、清除率更低。有两项Ⅱ期临床实验表明[25-26],新型全HER TKI dacomitinib和afatinib,在曲妥珠单抗难治型HER2阳性的AGC患者中疗效显著。

4.6 拉帕替尼

拉帕替尼是一种可逆的双向TKI,同时影响HER2和EGFR,与曲妥珠单抗没有交叉抵抗。有临床前研究显示[27],拉帕替尼可以有效地恢复曲妥珠单抗的敏感性。曲妥珠单抗抵抗的另外一个机制是HER2的缩短型,p95-HER2的积累。p95-HER2缺少曲妥珠单抗的结合位点,虽然没有细胞外区域,但仍然保持着TK的活性。拉帕替尼的一项潜在优势是它可以抑制p95-HER2的磷酸化,从而导致HER2来源的肿瘤细胞生长减慢。

在过度表达HER2的食道和胃腺癌细胞系中,研究人员发现拉帕替尼具有活性,在与其它化疗药物联合应用时还具有附加或协同作用[28]。目前缺少有关曲妥珠单抗难治型HER2阳性胃癌患者接受拉帕替尼治疗的临床疗效数据,不过根据一项研究亚洲人群的Ⅲ期临床实验TYTAN实验的初步结果表明[29],拉帕替尼联合紫杉醇作为二线方案治疗HER2阳性且未接受过曲妥珠单抗治疗的胃癌患者是有一定疗效且安全性好。另有一项实验研究了拉帕替尼与CPT-11联合应用作为二线方案治疗的疗效[30]。

在一项Ⅱ期临床实验(SWOG0413实验)中[31]显示,拉帕替尼作为一线方案单药治疗HER2状态不详的AGC患者活性有限。而另一项Ⅲ期临床实验(LOGiC实验)[32]发现,卡培他滨/奥沙利铂联合拉帕替尼作为一线方案治疗HER2阳性AGC患者疗效显著。

4.7 蛋氨酸抑制剂

蛋氨酸(MET)受体的活化会造成HER2阳性胃癌细胞的抑制,这种抑制主要与下游信号传导通路MAPK和AKT的再次活化有关[33]。一项涉及489名胃食道肿瘤的大型临床研究证实[34],MET和HER2的扩增互不相关,可能代表着独立的分子表型。不过,MET通路的调节异常可能是由其它不同于MET基因扩增的机制造成的。在有些未具体选择胃癌患者的临床实验中[35],研究人员发现9%~12%的肿瘤中存在MET和HER2的共同表达,而且24%为肠型。有研究发现[35],rilotumumab作为一种单克隆抗体可以直接作用于MET受体的配体,在未选择HER2状态的胃癌患者中具有一定的疗效。foretinib(GSK1363089)是一种口服的MET和血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)多重TKI,在MET过度表达的HER2阳性胃癌细胞中与拉帕替尼有协同作用[36]。根据这些数据可以考虑对曲妥珠单抗或拉帕替尼治疗无效的HER2阳性胃癌患者联合应用MET抑制剂和以HER2为靶向治疗的药物。

5 结 论

尽管HER2对胃癌预后的作用存有争议,它已经被看作是一种新型的重要的治疗目标。因此在对进展期胃癌患者的诊断流程中,应该常规包含对HER2的检测。

曲妥珠单抗联合铂类制剂和氟嘧啶类药物治疗是目前HER2阳性AGC患者标准的一线治疗方案,HER2过度表达的预测价值要大于其扩增的价值,然而,HER2的过度表达很明显不是一种强有力的预测生物学标记物,因为以曲妥珠单抗为基础的治疗在许多患者中疗效欠佳,而且多数患者还会产生对曲妥珠单抗的抵抗。

许多临床前研究已经明确了在HER2来源胃癌治疗中曲妥珠单抗抵抗的多种机制,以及对HER2靶向治疗药物反应的潜在预测因素。以这些理论为依据发展出合理的二线治疗方案,可以用于克服对曲妥珠单抗的抵抗。鉴于在同样细胞群中存在传导通路之间和许多抵抗机制共同存在的相互作用,靶向治疗的联合应用可以产生最佳的疗效。现在急切需要可以预测对HER2靶向治疗抵抗的新型生物学标记物,用以指导对治疗敏感药物的选择。

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Present and Future Targeted Therapy of HER2-positive Advanced Stomach Cancer

YU Wen, LIU Bao-qing, MEN Si-ye, XUE Wu-song*, ZHANG Shao-hui, LIU Hui-liang, ZHOU Chun-yu, YANG Cheng-cheng, WU Wei
(Department of General Surgery, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China)

The prognostic value of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in gastric cancer is controversial. Consensus guidelines have standardized the testing of HER2 status in gastric cancer. Recently, trastuzumab has emerged as the first targeted drug to improve overall survival when combined with chemotherapy in advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer. Primary and secondary resistance to trastuzumab has become a major problem and new strategies to overcome this resistance are needed. A high percentage of advanced HER2-positive gastric cancer patients who progress on trastuzumab therapy are candidates for second-line therapy. New families of targeted drugs, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as lapatinib, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway inhibitors such as everolimus, heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors such as AUY922, HER dimerization inhibitors such as pertuzumab, and antibody-chemotherapy conjugates such as trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1), could offer alternative second-line treatments when trastuzumab-based first-line therapy fails.

Gastric cancer; Human epidermal growth factor receptor; Trastuzumab resistance; Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors; Second line therapies; Targeted therapies

R735.2

A

1671-8194(2013)21-0092-04

*通讯作者: E-mail:xuewusong@sina.com

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