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肺支气管神经内分泌肿瘤的研究现状

2012-05-28郑容亮综述常建华审校

中国癌症杂志 2012年5期
关键词:类癌核分裂内分泌

郑容亮 综述 常建华 审校

复旦大学附属肿瘤医院化疗科,复旦大学上海医学院肿瘤学系,上海 200032

肺支气管神经内分泌肿瘤的研究现状

郑容亮 综述 常建华 审校

复旦大学附属肿瘤医院化疗科,复旦大学上海医学院肿瘤学系,上海 200032

支气管肺神经内分泌肿瘤约占所有肺恶性肿瘤的20%,可分为典型类癌、不典型类癌、大细胞神经内分泌癌和小细胞肺癌,其中小细胞肺癌为支气管肺神经内分泌肿瘤最常见的类型。支气管肺神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断主要依靠细胞神经内分泌形态及神经内分泌标志物。现就其临床病理特点、分子特征和研究现状进行综述。

肺肿瘤;神经内分泌;研究现状

目前在世界范围内,肺癌仍是癌症死亡的重要原因。支气管肺神经内分泌肿瘤(bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumor,BP-NET)是发生于肺和支气管上皮的神经内分泌肿瘤,约占所有肺恶性肿瘤的20%,具有其特殊的生物学行为。本文旨在对BP-NET的临床、病理、预后、治疗和分子特征作一综述。

现阶段BP-NET仍按照2004年WHO分类法分成以下4种主要类型[1]:典型类癌(typical carcinoid,TC)、不典型类癌(atypical carcinoid,AC)、大细胞神经内分泌癌(large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma,LCNEC)和小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)。按照分化程度亦可分为低级别(TC)、中级别(AC)和高级别(LCNEC和SCLC)NET,其恶性程度依次递增。在BP-NET的分期上,最新的第7版UICC/AJCC分期系统推荐TNM分期适用于TC、AC和LCNEC[2]。而对于SCLC,临床上常将其分为局限期和广泛期。BP-NET的共同特点为:①具有神经内分泌形态(neuroendocrine morphology),包括:器官样、玫瑰花结样、外周栅栏样和小梁样排列[3];②神经内分泌标志物(neuroendocrine marker)阳性,其中常用的敏感性和特异性相对较高的有嗜铬粒蛋白、突触素和CD56(N-CAM)[4]。而每种BP-NET又各有特点,下面将分别叙述。

1 类癌(包括TC和AC)

1.1 临床特点

类癌的平均发病年龄约为45~55岁,且没有性别差异[5]。临床上除了一般的呼吸系统症状外,类癌由于经常分泌活性激素,因而副肿瘤综合征也较为常见。

1.2 病理组织学特征

类癌镜下细胞结构的特点包括:多边形或梭形的形态一致性、中度丰富的嗜酸性细胞质、粗颗粒状核染色质和不明显的核仁[4];细胞增殖排列的特点包括:器官样、玫瑰花结样、外周栅栏样和小梁样排列[6]。根据核分裂像数和是否存在坏死可以区分TC和AC,TC核分裂像<2个/10HPF且无坏死,AC核分裂像2~10个/10HPF,部分伴有坏死(圈点样坏死)。病理标本获取方式对类癌的诊断影响甚大。在经支气管/支气管内活检或细针穿刺活检的小块标本中,需要注意两个问题:一是所取标本是否存在坏死或足够的核分裂像来区分TC和AC;二是活检部位容易出现机械性损伤,易被认为是坏死,而使TC误诊为AC。在免疫组化诊断中,类癌最常用的神经内分泌标志为嗜铬粒蛋白、突触素和CD56(N-CAM),且通常呈弥漫强阳性。其他的神经内分泌标志亦有不少报道。甲状腺转录因子-1(thyroid transcription factor-1,TTF-1)在类癌中的阳性率约为50%,更常见于周围型类癌[7]。Lin等[8]发现胃肠道NET只检测到CDX2阳性,肺NET只检测到TTF-1阳性,两者无交叉,因此认为可以用来鉴别原发灶不明的转移性NET。大部分类癌细胞角蛋白为阳性,但约有20%为阴性。Ki-67增殖指数近年来被认为是区分不同种类BP-NET比较有效的标志,尽管其并未出现在2004年WHO肺神经内分泌肿瘤的诊断标准上。在TC中Ki-67增殖指数通常<5%,而AC通常为5%~20%(平均约10%)[9-11]。

1.3 治疗和预后

在预后方面,TC患者5年OS>87%[12-13],但仍有10%~15%的患者出现淋巴结转移,3%~5%可出现远处转移[14]。因此,尽管TC患者预后相对较好,但仍不能认为其是良性肿瘤,而是低度恶性肿瘤。AC患者则常出现淋巴结转移(约50%)和远处转移(约20%)[14],5年OS约60%[15]。TC和AC对放化疗相对不敏感,首选的治疗手段仍为手术切除,大部分情况下采取肺叶切除术,手术过程中条件允许应尽可能进行淋巴结采样以明确分期。由于类癌患者会出现迟发性转移, Ferolla等[16]推荐类癌患者应进行最短期限为10年的随访。对于转移性或不可手术切除的类癌患者,目前仍无标准治疗手段。

2 LCNEC

2.1 临床特点

LCNEC患者多为男性,且有吸烟史,平均发病年龄约为60岁[17]。临床症状取决于肿瘤所在位置,影像学上发现肿瘤多呈周围型[18]。与类癌相比,其异位激素分泌和副癌综合征较为少见。

2.2 病理组织学特征

LCNEC于1991年由Travis等[3]首次引入到WHO分类中,它具有以下病理特征[1]:①神经内分泌形态如器官样、玫瑰花结样、外周栅栏样和小梁样排列;②核分裂像>10个/10HPF;③非小细胞结构特征,如大细胞体积、低核细胞质比、核仁明显、囊泡状染色质;④至少有1个神经内分泌标志阳性,如嗜铬粒蛋白、突触素或CD56(N-CAM);⑤大片区域坏死。与类癌相似,TTF-1也表达于LCNEC,平均约为50%[19-20],但有报道肺外器官如膀胱[21]、前列腺[22]的LCNEC亦有表达TTF-1,因此不能用来鉴别原因不明的转移性LCNEC。另外,LCNEC的Ki-67增殖指数明显偏高,为50%~100%[23]。LCNEC患者如符合上述病理特征则容易确诊,事实上这些精细而微妙的病理特点很难全部在同一病理标本上发现,尤其是活检或细胞穿刺标本。这也与病理观察方法有关,例如切片的厚薄以及染色程度等。另外,LCNEC与其他的BP-NET甚至NSCLC有一定程度重叠的病理特征,或者说是临界的病理特征,从而为诊断带来了困难。例如个别LCNEC的核分裂像数不够高,非小细胞结构不明显等,而且低分化的NSCLC还可表现为广泛坏死和高核分裂像数,甚至呈巢样或外周栅栏样增殖排列[24],这种情况下可以考虑用神经内分泌标志进一步区分。根据NSCLC是否具有神经内分泌形态和神经内分泌标志阳性,Rekhtman[24]把NSCLC分为4种(表1),其中非小细胞肺癌伴神经内分泌分化(NSCLC with NE differentiation,NSCLC-NED)指光镜下不具有神经内分泌形态特征,但免疫组化和电镜证明有神经内分泌分化的NSCLC,非小细胞肺癌伴神经内分泌形态(NSCLC with NE morphology,NSCLC-NEM)指光镜下具有NE形态特征,但免疫组化神经内分泌指标阴性的NSCLC。

表 1 NSCLC根据神经内分泌形态和神经内分泌指标的分类Tab. 1 The classification of NSCLC by neuroendocrine morphology and neuroendocrine marker

2.3 治疗和预后

大多数LCNEC患者均采取手术治疗,但术后5年OS较低,为13%~57%[3]。即使是I期的LCNEC患者,术后5年OS也只有32.5%[25]。多项研究的多因素分析发现,LCNEC组织学类型本身就是较差的预后因子[25-26]。显然单纯手术的效果是不满意的,那么术后化疗是否能获益。Veronesi等[27]和Saji等[28]通过回顾性分析发现,I期LCNEC患者进行诱导化疗或术后化疗均比单纯手术效果好。对于化疗方案的选择,Rossi等[29]比较了SCLC标准化疗方案(顺铂+依托泊苷)和NSCLC一线化疗方案(吉西他滨+紫杉类)的临床疗效,结果显示前者明显改善了生存期(中位生存期分别为42和11个月,P<0.000 1)。但以上均是回顾性的小样本分析,确切的结论仍需进一步探讨。至于其他的治疗手段,一项小型的成组病例分析表明,单用奥曲肽或奥曲肽联合放疗作为术后辅助治疗是有效的[30]。而单纯放疗是否对LCNEC有效,目前可供参考的临床资料较少。最近Igawa等[31]提出高级别非小细胞神经内分泌癌(high grade non-small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma,HNSCNEC)的概念及诊断标准。与LCNEC要求采用手术标本不同,HNSCNEC用小块活检标本即可,并且该研究中还比较了HNSCNEC和广泛期SCLC的化疗疗效,结果显示两者疗效相当,RR、1年生存率和中位生存时间分别为50%vs53%、34%vs48%、10vs12.3个月。总之,目前LCNEC最佳治疗模式尚未明确,仍有待于更多的大型前瞻性随机对照试验的数据。

3 SCLC

3.1 临床特点

SCLC约占所有肺癌的12%~20%,是BPNET最常见的类型,与吸烟密切相关。其临床特点是恶性程度高,早期容易出现淋巴结转移和远处转移。临床上常分为局限期和广泛期,约2/3患者确诊时已处于广泛期[32]。

3.2 病理组织学特征

2004年,WHO把SCLC分成单纯型和复合型两类[1],两者以混合的大细胞成分(如腺癌、鳞癌、大细胞癌等)是否超过全部肿瘤10%体积为界。SCLC镜下通常具有以下病理学特征[1]:①神经内分泌形态如器官样、玫瑰花结样、外周栅栏样和小梁样排列;②小细胞结构特征如小细胞体积(细胞直径<3个淋巴细胞大小)、细胞质不丰富、细颗粒状核染色质、核仁不明显或缺如;③大片区域坏死;④高核分裂像数,平均60~80个/10HPF;⑤常见的神经内分泌标志阳性,如嗜铬粒蛋白、突触素或CD56(N-CAM)。SCLC的其他免疫组化指标还包括角蛋白、TTF-1和Ki-67增殖指数,其中角蛋白几乎在所有SCLC中均有表达,TTF-1的阳性率为70%~80%[19-20],Ki-67增殖指数为80%~100%[23]。由于TTF-1也在肺外器官表达阳性,因此不能用来鉴别原发灶不明的SCLC[33]。

值得注意的是,SCLC的病理标本常常来源于小块活检或细胞穿刺,因此不可避免造成机械损伤和挤压现象的出现,在NE标志阳性的情况下,其他类型的BP-NET容易过度诊断为SCLC。

3.3 治疗和预后

SCLC是BP-NET中恶性程度最高的肿瘤,其生存期以月为计算单位,长期生存极少见(5年OS<5%)[34]。较差的预后因子包括低PS评分、库欣综合征、持续吸烟和出现远处转移,而女性性别为较好的预后因子[35]。SCLC对放化疗均敏感,因而同期放化疗是目前主要的治疗手段,一线的化疗方案为铂类+依托泊苷[35]。而对于放化疗后再进行手术治疗,有研究表明并无更多的生存获益[36-37]。由于约50%~80%的SCLC患者会出现脑转移,Samson等[37]建议SCLC患者最好进行预防性脑放射治疗。

4 BP-NET的分子水平表达特点

Onuki等[38]发现高级别BP-NET的3p、RB、5q21、9p和p53发生杂合性丢失的频率比低级别BP-NET高,而在高级别BP-NET中,SCLC发生5q21杂合性丢失的频率比LCNEC高。另外,p53基因异常的患者随着肿瘤的恶性程度增加,从TC到SCLC发生比例亦增多,其中TC无p53突变,AC为25%,LCNEC为59%,SCLC为71%,这与先前的报道数据是相近的[39]。P16INK4/cyclin D1/Rb旁路是神经内分泌肿瘤中影响细胞周期停滞在G1期的关键因素,在LCNEC和SCLC中,Rb缺失是Rb旁路调节异常最常见的机制[40-41]。在细胞凋亡方面,Brambilla等[42]发现与TC和AC以表达促凋亡基因Bax为主相比,LCNEC和SCLC高表达抗凋亡基因Bcl-2,这导致了其较短的肿瘤倍增时间和较高的肿瘤侵袭性[38]。另有研究发现,c-kit蛋白在LCNEC和SCLC的表达水平较类癌要高,约为60%,而c-kit是否为预后因子则结论不一[43-45]。Kanteti等[46]发现BP-NET中均有表达成对框基因PAX5,尤其是在LCNEC和SCLC,更重要的是PAX5作为c-met的上游调节转录因子,阻断PAX5对c-met抑制剂有协同作用。而Song等[47]进一步发现,在LCNEC和SCLC中更常见PAX5和c-met共同表达(前者r=0.5,P=0.001,后者r=0.81,P=0.001),这或许预示双重阻断PAX5和c-met的策略是有效的。EGFRTKI在NSCLC靶向治疗中日趋成熟,近几年来报道了11例SCLC患者EGFR突变阳性,6例为19号外显子突变,4例为21号外显子突变,1例为18号外显子突变,其中4例进行了吉非替尼治疗并有2例获得PR[48-54]。De Pas等[55]2011年报道了1例LCNEC患者EGFR 19号外显子突变阳性,该患者对吉非替尼反应良好。

5 BP-NET分级、分类的新进展

BP-NET分类已经历数次变动,一方面是由于检测手段的改进,另一方面是分类必须兼顾临床上的实用性和病理上的精确性所带来的结果。但无论何种分类均以神经内分泌形态和神经内分泌标志物为核心来判断。Moran等[56]于2009年提出对于手术切除标本的BP-NET分级如下:类癌型微小瘤(病灶直径<0.5 cm);G1:高分化神经内分泌癌或低级别神经内分泌癌,核分裂像数<3个/10HPF;G2:中分化神经内分泌癌或中级别神经内分泌癌,核分裂像数3~10个/10HPF;G3:低分化神经内分泌癌或高级别神经内分泌癌;SCLC(常见的神经内分泌标志阳性,核分裂像数>10个/10HPF);LCNEC(满足神经内分泌形态特征,至少有1个神经内分泌标志阳性)。

Moran提出的分类实际是WHO 2004分类的延伸,它兼顾了SCLC和LCNEC没有表达神经内分泌标志的情况,故在临床应用上有一定可取之处。在WHO 2010胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤的最新分级中,已采用核分裂像数和Ki-67增殖指数进行分级。近期有文献资料显示,Ki-67增殖指数可以较好地区分TC、AC、LCNEC和SCLC[5-6,23]。因此,Ki-67增殖指数有望成为进一步完善BP-NET分级的新指标。

6 总结

不同种类的BP-NET恶性程度差异甚大,其预后、治疗手段和临床疗效也不同(表2)[57]。BP-NET之间的鉴别诊断目前临床主要依靠神经内分泌形态、核分裂像、坏死特征和神经内分泌标志。对于小块活检或细胞穿刺标本,Ki-67增殖指数是比较有效的鉴别指标。现阶段BPNET的治疗手段还比较有限,且只有SCLC的治疗模式较为成熟。NSCLC的治疗已经进入到分子水平的个体化治疗时代,而BP-NET的分子特征目前尚未明朗,需要更多的临床观察和研究。更加准确的辅助诊断手段和包括靶向治疗在内的更为有效而成熟的治疗模式仍是攻克BPNET的关键。

表 2 BP-NET的特点比较Tab. 2 The comparison of character between BP-NET

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The research status of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumor

ZHENG Rong-liang, CHANG Jian-hua(Department of Chemotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Hospital, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032,China)

CHANG Jian-hua E-mail:changjianhua@163.com

Bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumor takes up about 20% of all the lung malignancy and can be classified as typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung cancer. It is mainly diagnosed by cell neuroendocrine morphology and neuroendocrine marker. This review was tended to prof i le the clinical pathology character, molecular feature and the research status of bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumor.

Lung neoplasms; Neuroendocrine; Research status

10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2012.05.014

R734.2

A

1007-3639(2012)04-0389-07

常建华 E-mail:changjianhua@163.com

2011-12-28

2012-03-27)

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