定语从句高考考点、难点揭秘

俞江涛

本文从定语从句的高考的考点、难点; 定语从句的高考命题特点; 高考定语从句的应对策略三个方面来揭开定语从句这一令无数同学望而生畏的语法现象的神秘面纱,希望能给同学们的英语苦学路上撑起一盏明灯,助你们扬帆远航!

一、定语从句高考考点、热点直击

(一)引导定语从句的关联词

1.当先行词指人时，在定语从句中作主语用 who／that，作宾语用whom／that，作定语用whose。例如：

①The famous basketball star, ____ tried to make a comeback， attracted a lot of attention． (2002北京、内蒙古、安徽春招)

A． where B． when C． which D． who(D)

2.当先行词指事物时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语用which／that，作定语用whose。例如：

②She heard a terrible noise, ____ brought her heart into her mouth．(MET1991)

A． it B． which C． this D． that (B)

③Have you seen the film Titanic ____ leading actor is world famous？(2001上海春招)

A． its B． its C． whose D． which(C)

3.当先行词指时间时，在定语从句中作状语用when，作主语或宾语用which／that。例如：

④We are living in an age ____ many things are done on computer．(2003北京春招)

A． which B． that C． whose D． when (D)

4.当先行词指地点时，在定语从句中作状语用where，作主语或宾语用which／that。例如：

⑤We will be shown around the city： schools， museums， and some other places， ____ other visitors seldom go.(2002北京高考)

A. what B. which C. where D. when(C)

⑥New York， ____ last year， is a nice old city.(2003北京高考)

A． that I visited B． which I visited

C． where I visited D． in which I visited(B)

5.当先行词指原因时，在定语从句中作状语常用why，作主语或宾语常用which／that。例如：

⑦Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work？(2002上海春招)

A． he explained B． what he explained

C． how he explained D． why he explained (A)

注意事项：

1.关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中作宾语时不能省略；当第一个定语从句的关系代词用作宾语省略时，第二个引导定语从句的用作宾语的关系代词则不可省略。例如：

⑧The doctor ____ is leaving for Africa next month．(MET1983)

A． the nurse is talking to him B． whom the nurse is talking

C． the nurse is talking to D． who the nurse is talking (C)

2.that与which的区别：

that不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能紧跟在介词之后作介词宾语，而which可以；先行词是that时，为了避免重复，用which而不用that引导定语从句；第一个定语从句如用关系代词that，第二个定语从句常用关系代词which，以避免重复。 先行词是which时，为了避免重复，用that引导；当先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时，用that引导；当先行词是all， none， few， one， little， much， something， everything， noth-ing， anything等不定代词时，用 that引导；当先行词受very， only，last， no， all，以及形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用that引导。例如：

⑨All ____ is needed is a supply of oil．(MET1989)

A． the thing B． that C． what D． which(B)

⑩Finally， the thief handed everything ____ he had stolen to the police．(MET1987)

A． which B． what C. whatever D. that (D)

(二)当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，应注意主谓语的一致性及被动语态问题。尤其要注意在考题中不用定语从句，而是用分词短语作定语。例如：

①The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A. having written B. to be written

C. being written D. written (D)

②The train that stands at platform 6/standing at platform 6 is for Wuhan.

③Any article that is left in these buses/left in these buses will be taken at once to the Lost Property Office.

(三)定语从句中不能再重复与先行词有关的代词或副词。必须牢记定语从句中关系词已经替代先行词并且在定语从句中已经充当其成分，故不能再用相关的代词或副词。例如：

①He made another wonderful discovery, ____ of great importance to science.

A. which I think it is B. which I think is

C. which I think it D. I think which is (B)

②This is the hospital ____ they visited last year and is the one ____ I worked in five years ago．

A． that； where B． where； that

C． where； where D． that； that (D)

③There are dirty marks on her trousers ____ she had wiped her hands.

A. that B. which C. where D. when(C)

(四)对介词后接关系代词而不接关系副词的考查；当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which”, 指人则用“介词+whom”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略，介词的选择要遵循两个原则

1.根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定。

2.根据先行词特殊用法而定。例如：

①This flower doesnt do well in soil other than the one ____ it has been specially developed．

A． for which B． that C． of which D． where (A)

②Anyway, that evening, ____ I will tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place.

A. when B. where C. what D. which (D)

(五)关系代词as的考查。关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时既可指人又可指物。它只能替代由such， the same等修饰的先行词；as引导非限制性定语从句时，可放于句首，句中或置于句尾，而which则只能置于主句之后。但如果定语从句为否定句或表示否定意义，使用which。as引导的定语从句有“正如”之意，而which引导的没有。 例如：

①Our teacher set us such a difficult maths problem ____ we could not work out.

A. that B. which C. as D. even (C)

②Carl said the work would be done by October, ____ personally I doubt very much.

A. it repaired B. that C. when D. which (D)

③____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.

A. It B. As C. That D. What (B)

(六)把非谓语动词融入定语从句来考查

近几年的高考试题更倾向于把非谓语动词的考查融入到定语从句中来增加句子的复杂性、干扰性。其对策是仔细找出定语从句，然后确定从句所包含的非谓语结构，然后顺藤摸瓜，选出最佳答案。例如：

①Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she has had ____ went wrong again. (Shanghai98)

A. it repaired B. it repaired

C. repaired D. to be repaired

(答案是C, 原句可改写为：Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine went wrong again. She has had the washing machine repaired.显然定语从句包含有“have sth. done”句型)

②The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year. (NMET2000)

A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out

(答案是C,原句可以改写为The managers discussed the plan. They would like to see the plan carried out the next year.显然定语从句含有“see sth. done”句型)

(七)解题时要注意题干的内容和句子的结构，(进行必要的语法分析，弄清句子结构。)再行答题。例如：

①The teacher wanted to teach us ____ he knew at this last lesson.

A. all which B. all that

C. of which D. everything which (B)

②Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ____ I will always treasure.

A. that B. one C. it D. what (B)

③____ is well-known that Antarctica is difficult to reach.

A. It B. What C. As D. Which(A)

④____ is well-known, Antarctica is difficult to reach.

A. It B. What C. As D. which (C)

二、高考命题特点

1.在疑问句中考查定语从句。例如：

Is this the farm ____ you visited last week?

A. where B. the one C. on which D. /

解析:答案是D。命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。

2.在倒装句中考查定语从句。例如：

We came to a place, ____ stood a big tower.

A. which B. that C. / D. where

解析:正确答案是D。为了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。

3.拆分词组和固定搭配来考查定语从句。例如：

①The second is connected with the use ____ the body makes of food.

A. of which B. where C. to do D. that

②Why cant you realize the part ____ they have played in our life?

A. which B. on which C. when D. where

解析:正确答案分别是D和A。一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of, play a part (in)。

4.添加插入语或状语来考查定语从句。例如：

The scientist has made another discovery, ____ I believe is of great importance.

A. that B. / C. which D. why

解析:应选择C。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think (suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。

5.插入非谓语动词来考查定语从句。例如：

Is this the man ____ you want to have ____ the radio for me?

A. who; repaired B. that; repaired

C. whom; repairing D. that; repair

解析:D项正确。非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。例如：我们可以把这个句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子应是：You want to have the man repair the radio for me.

三、应对策略

1. 观察、分析先行词的属性(如指人、物、时间、地点或原因)，可以初步确定引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词的范围。

2. 仔细分析定语从句的成分。重点根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词。尤其要看定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词；还要看定语从句的谓语动词与先行词之间的关系。

3. 根据上述两步，确定使用关系代词时，要兼顾一些特殊情况。尤其要注意以下几种情况：

①只能用that作关系代词的情况；②只能用which作关系代词的情况；③宜用who，而不用that指人的情况； ④as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别；⑤“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择。

4. 综合以上三步细致分析，最后则容易选(填)出适当的关系代词或关系副词

【实战点评】用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空：

①This is the factory ____ he visited last year.

②This is the factory ____ he worked last year.

③This is the factory____ he worked in last year.

④This is the factoryin ____ he worked last year.

⑤This is the very factory ____ he visited last year.

【解析】

(1)看先行词：分析复合句的成分，可知主句的主语为this, the (very) factory为先行词,指地点；

(2)分析从句成分：第①题定语从句中visited为及物动词且缺少宾语，故可填关系代词which/that,且口语中常可以省略；第②题定语从句中worked为不及物动词，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where；第③题定语从句中worked为不及物动词但其后有介词in，先行词在从句中作后置介词的宾语，故可填关系代词which/that且口语中可以省略；第④题定语从句中worked为不及物动词但其前有介词in，先行词在从句中作前置介词的宾语，故只能填关系代词which且不可以省略；

(3)特殊情况：第⑤题定语从句中visited为及物动词且缺少宾语，同时兼顾先行词factory被the very修饰,故只可填关系代词that,且口语中可以省略。

(4)选关系词：根据以上三步分析推敲，则易知适合上面五道题的关系代词或关系副词分别为：①which/that ②where ③which/that ④which ⑤that

(5)当然，做有关定语从句“关系词”选(填)的题目，还要多对照，不要受思维定势干扰；要重语义，不要墨守成规；要多角度思考定语从句，巧辨相似结构。这样，才能最终准确地选(填)出合适的关系代词或关系副词。