抓住几个关键问题掌握定语从句

王秀云

要准确掌握和使用定语从句,除了记住一些常规性、规定性的要点，还应灵活处理以下几个关键问题：

一、根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定关系

1.如果从句中缺主语或宾语，要使用关系代词(that, which, who, whom, as等)，且从句中缺主语时，关系代词在从句中作主语，不能省略；从句中缺宾语时，关系词在从句中作宾语，可以省略。

2.如果从句中缺状语，要使用关系副词(when, where, why等)。例如：

1) The place ____ we visited last week is very beautiful.

从句中缺宾语,使用关系代词which, that填空,也可以省略关系词。

2) The place ____ we visited the old temple last week is very beautiful.

从句中缺状语，使用与地点相关的关系副词where填空。(注：where=介词+which)

3) I want to know the date ____ you were born.

从句中缺状语，使用与时间相关的关系副词when填空。(注：when=介词+which)

4) I have remembered the date ____ I forgot just now.

从句中缺宾语,使用关系代词which, that填空,也可以省略关系词。

5) Do you know the reason ____ he is absent today?

从句中缺状语，使用与原因相关的关系副词why填空。(注：why=for which)

6) This is the reason ____ I want to tell you.

从句中缺宾语,使用关系代词which, that填空,也可以省略关系词。

补充：还应注意准确把握一些特殊先行词的词义，如：case(情况), stage(时期，阶段), point(处境，状况), situation(情况), occasion(时机，场合)等。例如：

1) I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.

2) They quarrel so often that they have reached the point where they want to separate from each other.

处理以上问题，既要准确把握这类词的词义，也要根据定语从句内部所缺成分(设置的考题中多见从句内缺状语现象)。

二、处理好体现从属关系的两种结构

1.whose+名词(whose指的是“人的或物的”) 例如：

1) A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.

(whose指的是“人的”)

whose parents=the parents of whom=of whom the parents

2) Last month, the central Hunan Province was struck by heavy snow, from whose effects the people are still suffering.

(whose指的是“物的”)

whose effects=the effects of which=of which the effects

2.部分和整体的关系 例如：

1) The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80％ of which are sold abroad. (80％ of which=of which 80％ )

2) The old lady has a daughter and two sons, none of whom live with her. (none of whom=of whom none)

三、注意一些不可缺少的介词

有些关系代词在从句中作宾语，但与谓语动词的衔接需要一个介词。注意不要忽略这些介词，还要根据与从句中谓语动词的衔接选准介词。例如：

1) The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.

2) Here is a pen, with which you can fill in the form.

注：根据搭配习惯，介词可留在从句内，这时，关系词可以省略；介词也可以放在关系词前(只有of which 或of whom 两种形式)。

四、掌握两个特殊结构

1.往往先行词是一个词或短语, 但近年来考题中经常出现这样一个考点：先行词是一个句子,也就是主句。这时, 关系代词只能用 as或 which。例如：

We jumped for joy at the news, as/which was natural.

但是,从句如果在前面,关系代词只能用as。例如：

As was natural, we jumped for joy at the news.

2.先行词受such, same等词修饰时,关系代词只能用as。例如：

He is such a lovely student as everyone likes.

五、定语从句的省略形式

和宾语从句一样，定语从句也有省略形式，且也是一个特殊的不定式短语。

但有区别，宾语从句的省略形式是：特殊疑问词+不定式; 定语从句的省略形式是：关系词+不定式。例如：

1) The poor man has no house where he can live.

=The poor man has no house where to live.(定语从句)

2) I haven't decided what I should do.

=I haven't decided what to do.(宾语从句)