精氨酸加压素在孤独症谱系障碍社会交往障碍患儿中的研究进展
2025-02-07韦素雯李瑞仕贺思冯兆才
【摘要】 孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种异质性神经发育障碍性疾病。至今为止,发病机制未明,其早期表现为普遍存在的社交缺陷和沟通障碍,并伴有重复性刻板行为。目前无特定针对性治疗药物。精氨酸加压素(AVP)不仅与水盐平衡和应激轴调节有关,还与社会行为有关,因此在ASD研究领域,AVP作为一种潜在的治疗方案,越来越受到人们的关注。本文对国内外文献研究AVP在ASD社会交往中异常表现的相关研究进行综述。在本文中,探讨了AVP可能成为ASD的诊断性生物标志物及AVP系统具有改善ASD社会功能特征的潜力,希望本综述能为ASD社会交往障碍的临床诊治提供思路。
【关键词】 孤独症谱系障碍 精氨酸加压素 社会交往障碍
Research Progress of Arginine Vasopressin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Social Interaction Disorder/WEI Suwen, LI Ruishi, HE Si, FENG Zhaocai. //Medical Innovation of China, 2025, 22(02): -165
[Abstract] Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neuro developmental disorder. Up to now, the pathogenesis is not clear, and its early manifestations are widespread social defects and communication disorders, accompanied by repetitive stereotyped behavior. At present, there are no specific targeted therapeutic drugs. Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) is not only related to water-salt balance and stress axis regulation, but also related to social behavior. Therefore, in the field of ASD research, AVP as a potential treatment has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, the domestic and foreign literature on AVP in ASD social communication abnormal performance-related studies were reviewed. In this article, to explore the potential of AVP as a diagnostic biomarker of ASD and the potential of AVP systems to improve the social functioning of ASD, it is hoped that this review can provide some ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ASD.
[Key words] Autism spectrum disorder Arginine Vasopressin Social interaction disorder
First-author's address: Department of Pediatrics, the First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Tianjin 300381, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2025.02.037
孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)是一种脑神经发育障碍性疾病,以社会沟通障碍、狭隘兴趣和刻板行为为核心症状[1],非核心症状包括易激惹、自残行为、攻击性、焦虑、强迫、失眠及注意力不集中,严重影响患儿的成长发育和生活质量。据美国自闭症和发育障碍监测(autism and developmental disabilities monitoring,ADDM)网络最新数据显示,基于《美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第五版(DSM-Ⅴ)判定的ASD患病率在1 000名8岁儿童中由2018年的1/44[2],上涨至2020年的1/36,患者男女性别比例为3.8︰1[3]。ASD是一种主要由遗传和环境因素共同引起的多因素疾病,其致病机制未明,所以主要靠行为标准诊断[4]。目前尚无用于诊断筛查的有效生物标志物及特效药,主要是综合康复训练治疗。由美国药品监管局批准用于治疗ASD的利培酮和阿立哌唑,这两款药物可以改善易激惹和攻击性,但都不是针对ASD的核心症状,并且易出现不良反应[5]。因此,迫切需要研究用于诊断ASD的生物标志物和治疗ASD的特效药。
精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)在中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)中释放,作为神经调节剂作用于大脑的某些区域,并调节各种社会行为和情绪,特别是恐惧[6]、攻击性和焦虑[7]。本文结合国内外相关文献,对于精氨酸加压素与ASD的发病相关性进行一简述,为后续研究精氨酸加压素成为ASD的可能诊治选择提供参考。
1 AVP与ASD的生理联系
1.1 AVP
AVP是史上发现最早的由9个氨基酸组成的神经内分泌激素之一,又称垂体后叶加压素。AVP在下丘脑室旁核(paraventricular nucleus,PVN)和视上核(supraoptic nucleus,SON)的大细胞神经元中合成,并沿着轴突投射到垂体后叶,在那里它们被储存于分泌囊泡中,在受到刺激后被分泌到血流中。此外,室旁核中较小的旁细胞神经元产生AVP并直接投射到大脑的其他区域[8-9]。AVP受体分为三种亚型:V1a、V1b和V2[10],它主要作为神经递质激活V1b受体来调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)[11],以及激活与社会行为相关脑区中的V1a受体来调节社会行为[12]。众多研究表明,AVP作为一种神经调节因子,其作用于精氨酸受体能够提高社会认知[13]、调节社会互动[14]、促进面部识别和记忆[15]等亲社会行为。
1.2 ASD的AVP水平
有研究表明,AVP可能成为ASD社会缺陷的诊断性标志物[4,16]。有研究表明,脑脊液中AVP水平的不同可以准确地区分研究对象为1.5~19岁的ASD患者与正常对照组,并且脑脊液中AVP浓度的高低与ASD患者社会症状严重程度呈负相关[17-18]。
为了进一步确定这种神经化学的差异是否在病情发展前(行为症状出现前)早已存在,研究人员进行了一项前瞻性研究,在“冷冻”脑脊液库中,检测0~3个月新生儿时期的脑脊液AVP,结合12岁时他们的医疗记录档案,结果显示,与之后未确诊为ASD的新生儿相比,后来被确诊为ASD的患儿脑脊液中AVP浓度更低,并且能够高精确度地识别ASD病例[19],这表明AVP可能作为ASD早期诊断的生物标志物,并且可以在行为症状出现之前诊断ASD。此外,这种关联是AVP特有的,因为新生儿脑脊液中催产素浓度在后来被诊断为ASD的婴儿和健康生长的婴儿之间没有差异。因此,通过对婴儿脑脊液中AVP浓度进行早期测试,可尽早对ASD高危个体做出诊断,并及时采取干预措施,并最终获得更好的预后。Carson等[20]收集了20名新生儿的基础脑脊液和血浆样本,并通过酶免疫测定方法定量了AVP浓度,得出血浆AVP浓度显著且正向地预测脑脊液的AVP浓度,这些研究结果支持了以下假设:血液AVP浓度可能是新生儿期脑脊液AVP浓度的有用替代物。
2 AVP受体遗传学与ASD的联系
Kim等[21]进行了精氨酸加压素受体1A(AVPR1A)与人类社会行为相关性的首次遗传学研究,结果显示AVPR1A微卫星(RS1)和ASD之间显著的传递不平衡,但这种关联在Bonferroni校正后并不显著。随后,Wassink等[22]同样研究此微卫星与ASD之间遗传关联性,研究发现,在语言正常的ASD儿童组中,传递不平衡最强。后来的研究证实和扩展了先前的研究,Yirmiya等[23]在家庭为基础的研究中,AVPR1A基因的内含子AVR微卫星显示了与ASD的传递不平衡的关联,此外,三个微卫星的单倍型分析也显示了与ASD的显著关联,与ASD患者的社交适应能力有关。这项研究进一步支持了AVPR1A基因与ASD之间的关联。在最近一项研究中,Wilczyński等[24]在对男性ASD患者进行AVPR1A基因多态性分析发现,AVPR1A基因中的rs10877969(T)多态性是唯一一个与孤独症谱系障碍高风险有着统计学显著关联,并对孤独症诊断观察量表第二版(ADOS-2)中的临床表现有影响,主要是在社会情感分量表方面。应该注意的是,这些研究并不表明AVP受体多态性是ASD的一个病因,而是该基因位点的变异可能是与这一系列社交障碍相关的社会行为的一个因素。
3 AVP给药对ASD社会交往障碍的影响
研究发现,AVP可在大脑中作为神经递质释放并投射到不同脑区,对调节社会行为起着至关重要作用,对ASD社交障碍治疗起到积极效果[25]。Wu等[26]在丙戊酸钠(VPA)诱导的ASD模型,给予青春期大鼠皮下注射AVP治疗可以挽救ASD大鼠行为缺陷,缓解社会偏好缺陷和刻板行为,同时增加脑脊液AVP浓度。Zhou等[27]研究发现,经VPA诱导的雄性ASD大鼠模型,通过AVP鼻内给药,其社会交往行为可显著提高,且治疗前后血清中AVP的水平差异有统计学意义。鼻内给药后,脑脊液中AVP的浓度可持续增加达80 min[28],此外,有研究发现,脑脊液AVP的变化显著增加了受试者执行任务时记录的事件相关电位(event-related potentials,ERP)P3成分的振幅[29]。
社会行为由多个大脑区域和神经回路共同调节[30-31]。将加压素输注到大脑中可以延长大鼠的社会识别记忆的持续时间[32]。研究表明,前额叶皮层结构和功能的异常与ASD的社交障碍密切相关[33]。为了进一步探索AVP给药对ASD的影响,此团队观察比较VPA诱导的ASD大鼠模型中AVP治疗前后PFC转录组的变化,结果表明,AVP可改善ASD模型中突触病变和调节多种信号通路,显著改善轴突生长和再生抑制,以及促进前额叶少突胶质细胞发育和髓鞘形成[34]。内侧前额叶皮层—杏仁核(mPFC-BLA)回路是控制社会行为的重要途径之一[35-36],研究发现,ASD组儿童的内侧前额叶皮层(mPFC)到双侧杏仁核的有效连接显著减弱,与ASD儿童社会缺陷密切相关[37]。Zink等[6]在早期研究以AVP剂量(40 IU)的鼻内给药发现AVP通过调节mPFC-BLA回路来引发社交时更多负面情绪(恐惧、愤怒)。关于AVP对ASD mPFC-BLA直接作用的研究较少,推测AVP可能通过mPFC-BLA回路来改善ASD的社会认知。
Borie等[38]针对Magel2基因缺乏的ASD小鼠开展的一项研究表明,在小鼠的外侧隔核(lateral septum,LS)注入AVP可以改善ASD的社会行为障碍。先前研究发现,LS中的AVP调节雄性幼年大鼠的社会游戏行为,表现为将AVP V1a受体拮抗剂应用于LS中增加了雄性的社交游戏水平并降低了雌性的社交游戏水平,存在性别差异[39]。研究发现,外侧隔核的大部分AVP神经支配来自终纹床核(bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,BNST)和内侧杏仁核(medial amygdala,MeA)[40-41]。且雄性大鼠的BNST和MeA中通常有更多的AVP表达细胞,这些细胞通过投射到LS来调节社会调查和焦虑行为,LS是AVP神经元纤维密度最高的区域。这种差异在幼鼠出生后第2周更为明显,且低于成年大鼠,因此表明,在幼体和成体中,AVP对雄性社会识别的作用可能比对雌性社会识别的作用更重要[42-44]。笔者的结论是,尽管AVP是ASD的有效治疗药物,但可能存在于特定性别(男性),在ASD儿童中也发现了类似的两性异质,所以AVP的临床使用应根据患者的性别进行调整,此外,AVP可能是影响某些脑功能并进而影响ASD行为的神经化学候选物之一。
目前为止,很少有涉及加压素和ASD的人体研究。Parker等[45]采用双盲、随机、安慰剂对照试验设计,介绍了为期4周的鼻内AVP给药改善ASD儿童(6~13岁)社交能力的安全性和有效性,结果表明,与安慰剂治疗相比,AVP显著增强了ASD患儿的社会沟通、面部识别、社会认知等社交能力。这些初步研究结果表明,AVP可能是治疗ASD儿童核心社交障碍的一种有前途的药物。
随着ASD发病率逐年上升,其已成为高发性疾病之一。上述研究表明,AVP系统可能成为ASD社会缺陷的诊断性标志物及治疗靶点,但不乏存在个别相互矛盾的结果,因此相关结果需要进一步实验证明。未来的研究可能要考虑按给药途径、年龄、性别等对主要结果进行分层,以更好地理解这些如何影响治疗反应,再者,由于ASD异质性的特点,研究结果存在矛盾还要考虑协助评估ASD的诊断工具和标准的差异。
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(收稿日期:2024-04-29) (本文编辑:何玉勤)