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谈谈观点态度类阅读题的命题方式及解答技巧

2024-09-25温晓茹

语数外学习·高中版中旬 2024年7期

理解作者的意图、观点和态度的题型是高考英语阅读理解题中难度较高的题型。它考查考生根据所读语篇的内容进行合理判断和推理的能力。

它能反映出考生对文章深层内容的理解能力。笔者结合教学实践,总结归纳了观点态度类阅读理解题的三种解题技巧:信息捕捉法、文体辨识法 、主题推断法。

一、命题方式

此类考题常常考查作者对于全文所述内容或者文章中某个细节的看法、观点和态度;也考查文中人物对于所述事(物)件的看法、观点和态度。常见命题方式如下:

(1)What’s the author’s attitude?

(2)What tone(语气)does the writer express?

(3)What does the author mean by saying“ … ”?

(4)What is the opinion of the writer in this pas-sage?

(5)What does the author suggest/ imply(暗示)inthe 2nd paragraph?

二、解题技巧

(一)信息捕捉法

在阅读语篇时,教师要指导学生关注文本细节、捕捉作者(或文中人物)在字里行间渗透真实意图和情感的信息,特别留意语段中描写环境、气氛、心情的语言以及表达情绪、感情、态度或观点的词语(尤其是动词、形容词、副词、连接词),研读并揣摩此类词语所描述创设的褒贬语境,对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘,以此来领悟文章的言外之意、弦外之音,准确理解文中所呈现的观点和态度。

【例1】

We spent about two hours in Nancy, then sailed onthe Canal de la Marne au Rhine. Kind of a lazy day, eat-ing breakfast, lunch, and dinner...

It was pleasant to sit out on deck(甲 板)andwatch the scenery go by at about 3 mph.Today wesailed from Schneckenbush to Saverne. We wentthrough two caves, an extremely unusual part of thejourney...

79. What does the author think of the tour?

A. Tiring. B. Expensive.

C. Enjoyable. D. Quick.

【解题思路】本题答案选C项。通读全文,引导学生关注文中的形容词(黑体画线的)lazy(慵懒的)、pleasant (愉悦的)、extremely unusual (非同寻常的),结合全文内容可以推测,作者认为旅程是愉快的,选项C. Enjoyable正确。根据文中描述,watch the scen-ery go by at about 3 mph(船速每小时3英里),可知D选项错误。A、B选项都与文章内容不符。

此外,在英语教学中,教师要指导学生特别关注词汇的一词多性、一词多义、熟词新义、原义及引申义以及英语中具有隐含意义的特殊表达、句式和语气等。研读下列示例2、3的句子,请说出每句所要表达的真实语意、言外之意。

【例2】

“ … Lots of people think I’m just a green kid. I’llshow them.”

What tone(语气)does the boy show by saying so?

A. Proud. B. Threatening.

C. Complex. D.Afraid.

【解题思路】green本义为“绿色的”,引申义为“不成熟的、稚嫩的”,句中“a green kid”可意为“毛孩子”。结合上下文,可推测出“ I’ll show them”有两层言外之意:① 许多人认为我只是个毛孩子,我要给人们做个样子看看(秀一秀),显示出很自信;②许多人认为我只是个小屁孩儿,我要给他们点颜色看看,表示不服气,有威胁之意。所以,综合四个选项的含义,本题答案选B. threatening(威胁的口气)。

【例3】

(1)How I wish I had passed the driving test.(虚拟语气:说明“我”没有通过驾驶测试。)

(2)I can’t agree with you more. (否定词与比较级连用,最高级的表达方式:我完全赞同。)

(3)Isn’t that wonderful if we get there by air?(反问句:我们坐飞机去难道不好吗?)

(4)Why not try again?(一种建议方式:为什么不再试试呢?)

(5)Who knows?(谁知道呢?言外之意:谁也不知道。)

从以上两组示例可以看出,想要正确把握文中呈现的观点、态度和真实意图,须在原文中找出相关信息,在理解其字面意义的基础上,结合上下文语境、已有认知和常识作出合理的推理判断。在英语教学中,教师要指导学生及时总结和积累英语中具有特殊含义的句式和语气,领悟每句所要表达的真实语意、弦外之音。

(二)文体辨识法

文章体裁通常包括记叙文、说明文、议论文等,不同体裁的文章会有相对应的文体特征。例如,说明文:或向读者介绍科技产品,或报告调查研究结果,或者描述社会现象和文化生活;说明文通常客观如实地进行解释、阐述,使读者对某一问题或现象有更加清晰的认识和理解。议论文:论点明确、观点鲜明;无论是立论文(直接表明自己的观点)还是驳论文(通过反驳别人的观点来确立自己的观点),作者写作的意图都是通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法,来阐述某一观点或主张,使读者能够接受并认同作者的观点。记叙文:虽然不直接提出观点,但作者往往带有主观情感色彩,通过细致生动的场景、动作、心理等描写传达信息,引发读者的共鸣。

因此,在阅读教学中,教师要引导学生关注体裁特点,掌握不同体裁文章的阅读方法。在阅读语篇时,学生须快速浏览全文,重点关注文章首尾段、段首句等信息,以便辨别文章体裁,利用文体特征进行推理判断;细心捕捉反映行文基调、表达或暗示作者情感态度的词或短语。

【例4】2023年全国乙卷 C篇

What comes into your mind when you think ofBritish food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday din-ner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food real-ly so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputa-tion for less- than- impressive cuisine, it is producingmore top class chefs who appear frequently on our tele-vision screens and whose recipe books frequently topthe best seller lists.

According to a new study from market analysts, 1in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes onTV has encouraged them to try different food.

28. What do people usually think of British food?

A. It is simple and plain.

B. It is rich in nutrition.

C. It lacks authentic tastes.

D. It deserves a high reputation.

29. Which best describes cookery programmes onBritish TV?

A.Authoritative. B. Creative.

C. Profitable. D. Influential.

【解题思路】该语篇是说明文,作者旨在告知读者:英国的烹饪类电视节目让更多英国人改变饮食习惯并爱上烹饪。第28题问“人们平常是如何看待(评价)英国的食物?”根据文中 fish and chips, or a Sun-day dinner of meat and two vegetables、uninteresting、has a reputation for less-than-impressive等关键信息可推断出,英国人的饮食单调而且普通,所以28题选A项。 纵观全文,联系主旨,第二、三段首句都说明“烹饪类节目对英国人改变饮食习惯”的影响力,故29题选D项。

【例5】[2013年北京卷,C篇 节选]

Does Fame Drive You Crazy?

Although being famous might sound like a dreamcome true, today’s star, feeling like zoo animals, facepressures that few of us can imagine. They are at thecenter of much of the world’s attention. Paparazzi(狗仔队)camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tab-loids(小报)publish thrilling stories about their person-al lives ...

Being a public figure today, however, is a lot moredifficult than it used to be. Superstars cannot moveabout without worrying about photographers with mod-ern cameras ...

If fame is so troublesome(棘手的), why aren’t allcelebrities(名人)running away from it? The answer isthere are still ways to deal with it. Some stars stay calmby surrounding themselves with trusted friends and fam-ily or by escaping to remote places away from big cit-ies ...

66. What is the author’s attitude toward modern ce-lebrity?

A. Indifferent. B. Skeptical.

C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.

【解题思路】此文体裁是议论文。作者对于明星的境遇有鲜明的观点,在文章的首尾段、中间段、字里行间等文章细节中都有体现:从首段作者谈到狗仔队蹲守、伺机拍摄、小报散布其私生活信息等对于明星生活的影响,第二段“当下作为一个公众人物要比以前更困难”,第三段“名声如此麻烦”等,结合首段feel-ing like zoo animals;face pressures that few of us canimagine信息,读者可推断:作者对现代名人满怀“同情”的态度是不言而喻的。所以选D项。

(三)主题推断法

任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的。文章中心句往往会暗示作者的态度。所以,教师可指导学生结合文章主题进行推理判断,围绕文章主题去解读作者的写作意图、真实的情感、观点和态度。

【例6】(2017年全国III, C篇 第一段和最后一段)

After years of heated debate, gray wolves were rein-troduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolveswere caught in Canada and transported to the park. Bylast year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown tomore than 170 wolves.

The government spent nearly 30 years coming upwith a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S.Fish andWildlife Service carefully monitors and manages thewolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continuesover how well the gray wolf is fitting in(适应)at Yel-lowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down,while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable exper-iment to help biologists decide whether to reintroducewolves to other parts of the country as well.

11.What is the author’s attitude towards the Yel-lowstone wolf project?

A.Doubtful. B.Positive.

C.Disapproving. D.Uncaring.

【解题思路】本文是一篇说明文(体裁),文章首段首句(下划线)就揭示文章主旨:在争议了几年之后,黄石国家公园重新引入灰狼。纵观全文,作者客观地分析灰狼重返公园的原因,报道这一举措带来的成效;在文章的末段末句,作者重申主题并阐述了重新引入灰狼后,黄石公园生态得到平衡和改善。所以在文章末段,作者用了“The Yellowstone wolf project hasbeen a valuable experiment a valuable experiment”来说明这项工程很有价值,因此其态度应当是积极肯定的,答案选B项。

综上所述,本文通过示例归纳总结了观点态度类阅读理解题的解题技巧,旨在指导学生捕捉有效信息、掌握语篇文体特征、理解文章主旨,最终领悟文章的言外之意,从而提高解答观点态度类阅读理解题的正确率。

(作者单位:内蒙古巴彦淖尔市第一中学)