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放射性口腔黏膜炎的评估、发病机制及预防研究

2024-06-15梁雷锋宋自晓王仁生

医学信息 2024年11期
关键词:放疗

梁雷锋 宋自晓 王仁生

摘要:放射性口腔黏膜炎(RIOM)是头颈部肿瘤患者放疗过程中最常见的并发症之一,为早期剂量限制性毒性反应,对患者生活质量甚至肿瘤治疗效果产生不利影响。RIOM目前尚无预防和治疗的理想方案。本文就RIOM的流行病学、症状和分级标准、发病机制以及预防措施的进展做一综述,希望能为临床实践中处理RIOM提供参考。

关键词:放射性口腔黏膜炎;放疗;头颈部肿瘤

中图分类号:R781.5                                文献标识码:A                                  DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.11.035

文章编号:1006-1959(2024)11-0165-05

Evaluation, Pathogenesis and Prevention of Radiation-induced Oral Mucositis

Abstract:Radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) is one of the most common complications in patients with head and neck cancer during radiotherapy. It is an early dose-limiting toxic reaction that adversely affects the quality of life of patients and the effect of tumor treatment. At present, there is no ideal scheme for the prevention and treatment of RIOM. This article reviews the epidemiology, symptoms and grading standards, pathogenesis and preventive measures of RIOM, hoping to provide reference for the treatment of RIOM in clinical practice.

Key words:Radiation-induced oral mucositis;Radiotherapy;Head and neck cancer

放射性口腔粘膜炎(radiation-induced oral mucositis, RIOM)是头颈部肿瘤(head and neck cancer, HNC)放射治疗中最常见的剂量限制性早期副反应,发病率几乎为100%,在临床上常表现为口腔黏膜红斑、溃疡、疼痛、吞咽困难、味觉障碍,以及由此导致的脱水、营养不良、体重下降等,严重影响患者的生活质量[1]。RIOM的不良后果包括完全肠外营养、延长住院时间、甚至放疗中断[2]。70%的3~4级RIOM患者需要插入喂养管,35%的患者减少治疗强度或停止抗肿瘤治疗[3]。然而,到目前为止,预防和干预策略仅限于如加强口腔卫生、控制疼痛和抗感染治疗的对症措施,尚缺少统一的标准防治措施。本文就RIOM的发病率、症状分级标准、发病机制及预防措施做一综述。

1 RIOM流行病学

欧洲临床肿瘤学会(European Society for MediCal Oncology, ESMO)报道,接受头颈部放疗(60~70 Gy)的患者均有不同程度的口腔粘膜炎,重度RIOM(分级为3级或4级)的发生率约85%[4]。有研究纳入1373例HNC患者,比较了高剂量(100 mg/m2,3~4周1次,共2次)和低剂量顺铂(≤50 mg/m2,每周1次,≥4次)同期放化疗的疗效和毒性,重度口腔黏膜炎(severe oral mucositis, SOM)的发生率分别为75%和40%[5]。RIOM的发病率除了与肿瘤部位、照射的区域、照射的剂量以及放疗的技术有关外,还受同步治疗情况的影响。

2 RIOM症状和分级标准

2.1 RIOM症状  RIOM发展的典型过程是在常规放疗开始后的第2周(同期化疗可能在第1周)出现黏膜红斑,可伴随疼痛或功能障碍,如吞咽困难[6]。在接下来的2~3周,被覆黏膜逐渐受到侵蚀,发展为局灶性上皮病变,紧随其后的是融合性黏膜炎或者溃疡,溃疡性糜烂处一般会覆盖着一层主要由细胞碎片、角蛋白和纤维蛋白组成的假膜。黏膜坏死和出血,在单纯放疗中较少见到,但在接受同期化疗的患者中可能会出现[6]。

2.2 RIOM分级标准  目前有不同的分级标准和量表被用来评估RIOM的严重程,较常见的[7-9]有世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)标准、美国国家癌症研究所通用不良事件术语标准(Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events Version, CTCAE)、美国美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组(Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, RTOG)标准、OM评估量表(OM Assessment Scale, OMAS)、欧洲癌症研究和治疗组织生活质量问卷(European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, EORTCQLQ)、OM每日问卷(OM Daily Questionnaire, OMQD)和癌症治疗功能评估量表(Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, FACT)。Sonis ST等[10]对400项临床试验的分析发现大多数研究者使用了CTCAE(43%)或WHO(38%)量表,10%的研究者使用特定的研究量表,5%的研究使用合作组量表,如RTOG或东部合作肿瘤组(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG)量表,也有极少部分研究使用其他量表,如斯坦福和赫齐格量表。在临床中常用的是WHO、RTOG、CTCAE和西方癌症护理研究联合会(Western Consortium for Cancer Nursing Research, WCCNR)量表,见表1。

3 RIOM发病机制

目前多基于以下假设解释RIOM发生机制,即放疗在杀死快速分裂的癌细胞的同时也会杀死快速分裂的口腔黏膜细胞。放疗诱导的非特异性DNA损伤会导致口腔基底细胞克隆性细胞死亡,造成上皮丢失和补充的失衡,当萎缩性损伤使上皮变薄到破裂的时候发生溃疡。细菌定植和溃疡的继发感染会加速溃疡的发生、增加溃疡持续时间、影响溃疡的愈合[12]。既往有研究试图通过使用感染性病因学的方法来治疗OM,但这些方法收效甚微[13]。2004年,Sonis ST[11]提出了放疗疗引起的OM损伤的5个阶段模型:起始阶段、信号传导阶段、信号放大阶段、溃疡阶段和愈合阶段[11]。有研究指出[3],在放疗损伤的起始阶段,射线直接导致致命性的DNA双链断裂,间接地造成上皮细胞、血管内皮细胞、成纤维细胞和巨噬细胞释放活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)。在信号传导阶段,DNA断裂和ROS的释放主要通过3条途径起作用:①纤维连接蛋白降解途径,刺激巨噬细胞激活基质金属蛋白酶;②核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB)激活途径,刺激调控促炎细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子(tumornecrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白介素1β(Interleukin-1β, IL-1β)和白介素6(Interleukin-6, IL-6)的表达和释放;③神经酰胺途径,通过鞘磷脂酶和神经酰胺合成酶,造成更多的细胞凋亡和组织损伤。在信号放大阶段,主要的促炎细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6)、NF-κB激活介导的靶基因转录,以及神经酰胺和半胱氨酸酶对组织损伤和凋亡,TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6还能通过正反馈作用回路再次引起NF-κB的激活,放大由放疗引发的初级损伤。在溃疡阶段,基底膜保护性屏障消失。这会导致革兰氏阴性和酵母菌继发感染,从而增加更多的促炎反应,并使已经存在的炎症复杂化。愈合阶段是从基质信号传递给基底上皮细胞迁移、增殖和分化开始。目前,RIOM的发病机制尚未完全阐明,但人们认为NF-κB可能是RIOM发生和发展的关键调控因子[11]。

4 RIOM预防措施

4.1口腔护理  基本的口腔护理包括为减少口腔中的细菌负荷、预防感染和缓解不适感而采取的所有措施,包括刷牙和使用牙线来清洁口腔、用温和的漱口水漱口等。此外,任何可能的刺激物,如假牙或正畸用具,都应该在放疗前调整或移除[14]。2020年多国癌症支持治疗协会/国际口腔肿瘤学会(Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/ International Society of Oral Oncology, MASCC/ISOO)更新OM的指南时推荐使用生理盐水或碳酸氢钠进行漱口,而不推荐应用洗必泰漱口预防OM[15]。

4.2光生物调节  光生物调节(photobiomodulation, PBM)治疗又称为低强度激光疗法,其工作原理是将入射光子能量转移到靶细胞,进而影响细胞内细胞器的代谢[16]。有研究报道了PBM在预防RIOM方面的效果[17-19],尤其是在延迟RIOM发病、RIOM持续时间、降低重度RIOM的发生率以及相关口腔疼痛等方面。MASCC/ISOO指南推荐了具体的参数,包括波长、功率、时间、能量、治疗频率等[15]。Sandoval RL等[20]的研究指出应用波长为 660 nm的PMB对RIOM相关疼痛疗效显著,但是一项研究报道[21]波长为660 nm的PMB治疗临床无效。另外,Sonis ST等[22]关注了PBM治疗是否促进肿瘤进展或复发的潜在长期风险。因此,在获得大量长期随访的安全性数据之前,应谨慎考虑在已知或可能存在肿瘤的区域使用PBM。

4.3药物预防  盐酸苄达明是一种非甾体抗炎药物,通过抑制促炎细胞因子如TNF-α和IL-1β的产生而显示出抗炎特性[23]。Epstein JB等[24]评估了盐酸苄达明预防RIOM的疗效,在接收中等剂量放疗(50 Gy)且未同期化疗的HNC患者中使用苄达明漱口水,与安慰剂相比,RIOM的严重程度降低了30%。MASCC/ISOO和ESMO指南推荐使用苄达明漱口水来预防OM[15,25]。也有报道苄达明漱口水在接受大于50 Gy放疗剂量的情况下也能显著降低HNC患者的OM,但同时指出在同时接受化疗的患者中的作用还需要进一步评估[26]。MASCC/ISOO显示接受放化疗的HNC患者使用苄达明漱口水预防OM的证据级别为Ⅱ级推荐[15]。

中医药在亚洲已有1000多年的历史,在不少难治性疾病的临床实践中发挥着不可替代的作用。在中医理论中,放射线属火,导致人体热毒过盛,热毒伤津耗气,故RIOM病症为阴虚和热毒,清热解毒、滋阴生津是中医药治疗RIOM的总体原则[27]。宋志强等[28]报道了复方黄柏液可防治鼻咽癌放射治疗所致OM和口腔疼痛。Zheng B等[29]开展一项多中心随机、双盲、前瞻性临床试验,共纳入240例局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,放化疗方案均使用IMRT+顺铂同期化疗,按照1∶1分为双花百合片组和安慰剂组。采用基本口腔护理+双花百合片或基本口腔护理+安慰剂的治疗方案,研究结果显示双花百合片能降低RIOM发生率,延迟RIOM出现时间,以及减少重度RIOM的发生率。Luo Y等[30]纳入240例接受放/化疗的鼻咽癌患者,随机接受康复新溶液(试验组)或复方硼砂漱口剂(对照组)预防RIOM,研究结果提示,试验组RIOM的发生率、严重程度及口腔疼痛发生率低于对照组。中药组方的重复性可能欠佳,但是中成药又不能体现中医药辨证施治的理念。

口腔微生物多样性与宿主之间的平衡比较复杂,共生体和病理微生物之间的平衡改善可能会激活上皮细胞中的细胞保护途径,下调局部炎症,并改善粘膜屏障通透性[31]。在一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的临床研究中[32],共纳入99例同期放化疗的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,按照2∶1分为益生菌组和安慰剂组,益生菌或安慰剂的用法为:2片,3次/d口服,主要研究终点为OM的发生率,结果为安慰剂组和益生菌组的0、1、2和3级OM发生率分别为0、0、54.29%、45.71%和10.94%、51.56%、21.88%、15.63%。表明口服益生菌可改变菌群结构,增强免疫反应,降低OM的严重性。Xia C等[33]的研究也得出了相似的结论,并在动物模型中进一步证实益生菌可通过调节与炎症反应相关的肠道生态失调来改善RIOM的严重程度。

沙利度胺是谷氨酸的衍生物。谷氨酸是一种口服非巴比妥类药物,具有镇静和止吐活性,在20世纪50年代以其起效快和较好的安全性作为镇静剂被引入临床[34]。然而,沙利度胺的胎儿致畸作用很快被临床报道,并限制了其在临床中的应用[35]。1965年有学者报道了沙利度胺对麻风病结节性红斑的治疗效果[36],随后越来越多的研究证明沙利度胺在非病原性炎症性疾病的抗炎作用[37]。Frings K等[38]的临床前研究提示沙利度胺对RIOM有防护作用。另有一项多中心研究,入组160例同步放化疗的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者,随机分为对照组和沙利度胺组,分别采用生理盐水+基本口腔护理和沙利度胺(75 mg/d)+生理盐水+基本口腔护理的干预措施,结果提示沙利度胺组和对照组OM的中位潜伏期分别为30天和14天(HR=0.32,95%CI:0.23~0.35,P<0.0001)。沙利度胺组OM和SOM的发生率明显低于对照组,分别为87.5% vs. 97.5%(P=0.0016)和27.5% vs. 46.3%(P=0.014)[39]。进一步的研究提示沙利度胺能够抑制口腔上皮细胞中NF-κB信号通路可能是其缓解RIOM的机制[40]。

5总结

RIOM是放疗引起的正常组织损伤,是一种剂量限制性毒性,发病率高,重度RIOM会导致放疗的中断,有时可能是致命的。RIOM重在预防,包括加强口腔护理、碳酸氢钠漱口、使用PBM及药物预防,出现重度RIOM时无特效的药物或处理措施。对RIOM发病机制的深入研究表明,新的生物标记物可能筛选出容易发生重度RIOM的人群,重点关注预防。另外,新的治疗靶点的研究有助于研发更加有效的药物。故开发更加安全有效的、个性化的RIOM干预措施仍是今后努力的方向。

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