女性整形行为影响因素的Meta分析
2024-06-01周明军王仁威项晓丽严静
周明军 王仁威 项晓丽 严静
[摘要]目的:探索女性整形行為影响因素,为女性理性整形行为的健康干预提供依据。方法:检索中国知网、万方、维普、Web of Science、PubMed、Science Direct等数据库,收集并筛选与女性整形行为相关的文献,采用R 4.1.2软件对纳入的文献进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入文献27篇,总样本量27 205人,有12个因素被纳入Meta分析。结果表明,BMI、年龄、身体监控、身体羞耻、自尊、身体欣赏、面部不满、身体不满、社交媒体使用强度、生活满意度、物质主义、媒体压力的r值(95%CI)分别为[0.00(-0.06,0.07),P=0.881],[-0.09(-0.27,0.10),P=0.361],[0.35(0.31,0.39),P<0.001],[0.20(0.15,0.24),P<0.001],[-0.21(-0.35,-0.05),P=0.008],[-0.15(-0.23,-0.08),P<0.001],[0.41(0.33,0.49),P<0.001],[0.23(0.09,0.37),P=0.001],[0.15(0.10,0.20),P<0.001],[-0.12(-0.23,-0.01),P=0.034],[0.25(0.04,0.44),P=0.019],[0.33(0.23,0.42),P<0.001]。结论:BMI、年龄与女性整形行为无关,身体监控、身体羞耻、物质主义、面部不满、身体不满、社交媒体使用强度、媒体压力是女性整形行为的诱发因素,自尊、身体欣赏、生活满意度是女性整形行为的规避因素。
[关键词]女性;整形行为;自尊;影响因素;Meta分析
[中图分类号]R395.6 [文献标志码]A [文章编号]1008-6455(2024)05-0153-07
A Meta-analysis of Influencing Factors of Women's Cosmetic Behaviors
ZHOU Mingjun1, WANG Renwei1, XIANG Xiaoli2, YAN Jing1
(1. School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; 2. The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China)
Abstract: Objective To explore the influencing factors of women's cosmetic behaviors and provide a basis of health interventions for women's rational cosmetic behaviors. Methods Databases such as CNKI, WanFang, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched to collect and select literature related to women's cosmetic behaviors. R 4.1.2 software was used to perform Meta-analysis of the included literatures. Results A total of 27 articles were included, with a total sample size of 27,205. Twelve factors were included in the Meta-analysis. The combined r values (95% CI) for BMI, age, body surveillance, body shame, self-esteem, body appreciation, facial dissatisfaction, body dissatisfaction, intensity of social media use, life satisfaction, materialism, and media pressure were [0.00(-0.06, 0.07), P=0.881], [-0.09(-0.27, 0.10), P=0.361], [0.35(0.31, 0.39), P<0.001], [0.20(0.15, 0.24), P<0.001], [-0.21(-0.35, -0.05), P=0.008], [-0.15(-0.23, -0.08), P<0.001], [0.41(0.33, 0.49), P<0.001], [0.23(0.09, 0.37), P=0.001], [0.15(0.10, 0.20), P<0.001], [-0.12(-0.23, -0.01), P=0.034], [0.25(0.04, 0.44), P=0.019], [0.33(0.23, 0.42), P<0.001]. Conclusions It suggested that BMI and age are not associated with women's cosmetic behaviors. Body surveillance, body shame, materialism, facial dissatisfaction, body dissatisfaction, intensity of social media use, and media pressure are predisposing factors for women's cosmetic behaviors. Self-esteem, body appreciation, and life satisfaction are avoidance factors for women's cosmetic behaviors.
Key words: women; cosmetic behaviors; self-esteem; influencing factors; Meta-analysis
整形手术指的是人们出于审美原因而选择性地改变自己身体特征的手术,它包括选择性手术(如吸脂)和非手术(如肉毒杆菌注射)[1]。近年来,受互联网容貌偶像的影响以及美容广告的虚假宣传,社会审美体系变得单一,部分女性对身体和美的健康认知也有所扭曲[2],为迎合这样的审美,对整形手术的需求也不断增加[3]。2022年,我国接受整形手术的人群规模达到2 000万人,25岁以下人群是消费主力,其中女性用户占87.44%[4]。这些数据表明,整形手术在女性群体中是一种普遍且接受度很高的身体相关行为。但不可忽视的是,整形手术存在着许多风险,除了潜在的出血、感染、毁容和术后面部表情麻木[5-7]。还有研究发现整形手术可能导致情绪障碍(如抑郁和焦虑)和饮食问题[8]。鉴于整形手术存在的风险和负面影响,学者们针对女性整形行为的影响因素进行了广泛研究,但综合比较现有的研究成果,缺乏对女性整形行为影响因素系统地归纳和梳理,同时还存在同一因素存在影响效应不一致的结果。如Brown A等[9]发现,自尊与整形行为呈正相关;另有研究显示,女性整形行为与自尊无关[10]。本研究拟通过梳理相关文献,采用Meta分析客观地分析女性整形行为的影响因素,以期为女性树立正确的价值观,并为理性整形行为的健康干预提供理论依据。
1 资料和方法
1.1 资料来源:以“整形手术”“整形行为”“整形意愿”“问卷”“调查”“横断面”为检索词在中国知网、万方、维普等中文数据库查询相关文献,以英文检索词"cosmetic surgery""plastic surgery""cosmetic behavior""the attitude of cosmetic surgery""questionnaire""survey""cross‐section"在Web of Science、PubMed、Science Direct等英文數据库查询相关文献。检索2010-2022年发表的与女性整形行为相关的文献。
1.2 纳入和排除标准
1.2.1 纳入标准:①文献类型都为横断面研究;②报告了两量表之间的相关系数系数或可以转化为相关系数的基础数据;③研究对象为女性;④纳入整形手术接受量表(ACSS)和整形手术接受量表的考虑子量表(CACSS);⑤各研究独立。
1.2.2 排除标准:①数据缺失的文献;②数据重复研究;③未报告两量表之间的相关系数并且也未提供可以转化为相关系数的基础数据。
1.3 文献数据提取和质量评价:本研究文献数据的提取信息包括作者、发表年份、研究地区、研究因素、样本量、样本年龄均值、效应量r值、Z值及95%可信区间。采用Combie横断面研究评价量表对纳入的文献质量进行评价[11],该量表评价标准有7个条目,总分为7分,将文献质量分为3个等级,A(6.0~7.0),B(4.0~5.5),C(<4)。由两名研究员独立对文献质量进行评分,所纳入的文献质量得分都在B级以上,文献质量较高。
1.4 统计学分析:本研究使用R软件Meta程序包以r值为效应量进行Meta分析,该软件可以通过Metacor命令,对原始数据进行Fisher's Z转换,计算总的效应值和95%可信区间,报告分析结果时再将Fisher's Z分数转换为相关系数[12]。为避免合并后的效应值偏离真实情况,Meta分析异质性检验判断标准为当P>0.1,I?≤50时各研究间差异无统计学意义,采用固定效应模型,当P≤0.1,I?>50时,各研究间差异有统计学意义,采用随机效应模型[13]。使用Egger线性回归法来检验发表偏倚,若P>0.05,表明漏斗图对称性良好,不存在发表偏倚。
2 结果
2.1 纳入文献基本特征:通过检索中英文数据库共获得2 880篇,去除重复文献后剩余2 441篇,浏览摘要及浏览全文后最终剩下27篇(流程图见图1),这些文献都将女性作为研究对象,根据不同年龄段,分为高中生、大学生以及成年女性(见表1)。纳入研究的质量评价结果见图2~3。
2.2 Meta分析结果
2.2.1 女性整形行为的无关因素:BMI、年龄与整形行为之间异质性P≤0.1,I?>50,选用随机效应模型。结果显示,BMI、年龄的r值(95%CI)分别为[0.00(-0.06,0.07),P>0.05、[-0.09(-0.27,0.10),P>0.05]。
2.2.2 女性整形行为的诱发因素:根据Lipsey和Wilson对相关性的判断标准判定。r≤0.10时为低相关,0.10<r<0.40时为中等相关,r≥0.40为高相关[40]。身体监控、面部不满、身体不满、物质主义、社交媒体使用强度和媒体压力与女性整形行为呈正相关,其中面部不满与女性整形行为达到高相关。其余因素均为中等相关。结果表明身体监控等因素对女性整形行为具有正向的推动效应,是女性整形行为的诱发因素。
2.2.3 女性整形行为的规避因素:异质性检验显示,自尊、身体欣赏、生活满意度选用随机效应模型(P≤0.1,I?>50),各因素与女性整形行为均为中等相关。结果表明较高的自尊等因素能降低女性的整形行为,是女性整形行为的规避因素。
2.3 敏感性分析:使用“Metainf(metadata,pooled=“random”)”函数对纳入的文献依次逐项剔除后再进行效应量的合并,结果显示此次Meta分析结果稳定性较好。
2.4 亚组分析:整形手术接受量表包括三个维度。①整形手术的社会动机;②自我为导向的整形手术的好处;③个人考虑进行整形手术的可能性(整形手术接受量表的考虑子量表)。鉴于有的文献采用整形手术接受量表,有的文献采用整形手术接受量表的考虑子量表(即只测量第三个维度:考虑整形手术的可能性),本文进一步分析使用不同量表对整形结果测量是否存在差异。亚组分析结果显示,ACSS和CACSS在BMI、年龄、身体监控、自尊、身体欣赏、面部不满、媒体压力之间,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3
2.5 发表偏倚:发表偏倚可能会导致Meta分析结论偏离真实的情况。当Meta分析的研究个数≥10个时需做漏斗图,采用漏斗图对BMI、年龄和身体监控进行发表偏倚检验,结果显示,漏斗图对称性良好,通过Egger's检验,P>0.05,表明该研究不存在发表偏倚。见图4~6。
3 讨论
研究结果显示,物质主义、身体监控、身体羞耻、面部不满,身体不满、社交媒体使用强度、媒体压力是女性整形行为的诱发因素。其中身体监控和面部不满成为女性接受整形手术的最强预测因素。这一发现与Jackson T等[34]的报道一致。物质主义强调物质财富的重要性,拥有财富是获得幸福和成功的关键[41],因此物质主义促使个体将身体视为可以交换他物的物品,从而提高女性的整形行为[14]。Fredrickson BL[42]提出的客体化理论认为,当个体将外在的文化标准内化为自我评价标准时,她们会很在意自己在外在客体环境中的形象。因此经常进行身体监控的女性会更注重外在形象,促使她们更可能地采取行动去改善外表。此外,一项纵向调查研究显示,频繁地使用社交媒体会导致身体监控的增加,会加大女性对外表投资程度[43]。导致这一影响机制的原因可能是社交媒体上常强调女性外貌的重要性,并通过宣传整形和化妆品广告来提升外貌吸引力,暴露于该类媒体信息会增加女性的自我形象压力,进而提高女性接受整形手术的可能性[24]。
此外,研究结果表明自尊、身体欣赏和生活满意度是女性整形行为的规避因素(即负向影响整形行为的因素),这与以往研究结果一致[44,32,35]。Harter S认为自尊是个人对自我价值的判断,是一个整体幸福的指标[45]。一项在韩国女性中的调查研究结果显示自尊与面部满意度呈正相关[29],即拥有较高自尊的个体对自己的面部满意度也较高,因而具有较低的整形行为。值得关注的是,關于自尊与女性整形行为的关系存在不一致的研究结果,有学者通过研究得出自尊与女性接受整形手术的可能性并不相关[46]。事实上,整形手术已经不再是单纯的满足个人的虚荣心,它已渐渐的被视为一种增强自尊的工具[47],因此这二者的相互关系有待进一步探讨。
同时,研究结果也显示年龄与女性整形行为无关。在不同的国家(如荷兰[22]、巴西[33]和英国[35]),这两者之间的不相关性都得到了验证。2019年ISAPS(国际美容整形外科学会)指出,女性通过整形来改善自己的外表,可能的诱发因素是与外表相关的压力(如就业压力、婚姻压力)[48],与年龄无关。但是,一项针对英国大学生研究又发现,年龄是女性接受整形手术的积极预测因素,年龄较大,对自己的身体形象越不满意,会更愿意通过整形手术提高自身吸引力[31]。这些结果都表明,年龄在女性整形行为的作用机制中仍然是不可忽略的一个重要因素。
最后,研究结果还显示女性的整形行为与BMI无关,这与先前的研究结果一致[10,20],这说明社会环境所传播的单一审美标准让所有女性都很在意自己的外表,进而提升她们对整形手术的接受度。值得关注的是,也有国外学者通过定性研究提出BMI较高的人,可能会将整形手术作为一种手段,使自己的身体符合社会外观标准[49],因此整形的欲望也会相应增强。未来需要构建更系统、全面的影响机制模型,进一步分析特定社会环境下年龄、BMI对女性整形行为的作用机制。
本研究也存在以下几个方面的局限性:一是纳入的研究均为横断面研究,对女性整形行为影响因素关系的解释存在一定的局限性。二是由于纳入研究的群体大多是年轻群体,没有从职业层面进行相应的分类研究。来自不同职业群体的女性整形行为影响因素也许存在一定的职业差异性,未来需要将女性的职业特征、社会环境纳入考虑因素,进一步探索女性整形行为的作用机制,为女性整形行为提供有效的健康干预和建议。
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[收稿日期]2023-02-23
本文引用格式:周明軍,王仁威,项晓丽,等.女性整形行为影响因素的Meta分析[J].中国美容医学,2024,33(5):153-159.