语篇关键词在不同高考题型中的解题作用

南 红

（浙江省衢州第二中学）

高考语篇选材多源于英文报刊和英文网站，所选文章有鲜明的文化特点和浓厚的时代气息。这些语篇一般都是围绕某个主题展开，最明显的特点之一是有围绕主题的关键词出现，这些关键词与解题关系密切，快速地抓住语篇中的关键词就能提高阅读理解、七选五和完形填空相应的解题能力。

一、利用语篇关键词，提升阅读理解题型解题能力

1.锁定关键词，提升破解语篇主旨能力

一般语篇主题词直接出现在主题句里，主题句常见的有两种类型，一种是先提出主题,随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想；一种是先表述细节,后归纳要点结论,概括主题。前一种一般出现在语篇的首段，后一种一般在语篇的末段。命题人通常会利用主题句，设置主旨大意类的试题。如，

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text? (2022 年1 月高考浙江卷）

A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia

B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise

C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia

D.Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness

语篇首段如下：The benefits of regular exercise are well documentedbutthere’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to developdementia（失智症）in later life—and if they did,it cameon a decade later than less sporty women.通过语篇信号词but 可知、a new bonus 是最后一句所描述的内容，也是语篇的主题句，定位了主题句很快就可以锁定语篇的关键词，就是physically fit 和dementia，语篇就是论述它们之间的关系，因此通过定位主题句快速锁定关键词，有助于考生破解语篇主旨，提升解题速度和自信。又如，

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text? (2020 年7 月高考浙江卷）

A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills

B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs

C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp

D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age

通过阅读语篇段首，Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking,planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.很容易定位主题句，其中planning and other managerial skills 和stay sharp 短语为关键词，再结合末段，Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences or genetic factors.Still，continuing tochallengeyourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.最后一句很显然是主题句，关键词为challenge yourself mentally、keeping your mind busy和help，首尾段所说的就是要让大脑做有难度的工作才能让其保持敏锐，通过提炼这些关键词，考生很快就能选出正确答案。

2.捕捉关键词，提升概括能力

阅读理解语篇一般都是围绕某个主题展开的，常有一个反复出现的词或短语，抓住了这些词或短语，便抓住了文章的主题，考生就能轻松概括语篇大意。命题人通常会利用同义复现，设置主旨大意类的试题。如，

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?(2020 年1 月浙江卷）

A.Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers

B.Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future

C.Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father

D.Family Relationship Influences School Performance

通 读 整个语 篇，Today’s world is not an easy adjustment for young adults.A key skill set for success is persistence (毅力)，a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers.Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.

BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years.And over time,the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.

“There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers,”Padilla-Walker said.“This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence — which can be taught — are key to a child’s life success.”

Researchers determined that dads need to practice an“authoritative”parenting style.Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian: rigid,demanding or controlling.Rather,an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father;responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed;children are given an appropriate level of autonomy (自主权).

In the study,about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting.A key finding is that over time,children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence,which leads to better outcomes in school.

This particular study examined 11-to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes.Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence,which is an avenue of future research.可以发现father 一词出现6 次，加上dad 出现2 次，父亲这一词汇共出现了8 次，还有persistence 一词出现了6 次，很显然它们就是关键词，同义复现其实就是一种强调，利用这些关键词有助于迅速概括主旨大意。

3.聚焦关键词，提升解析结构能力

要学会借助关键词来解析语篇结构，正确把握主旨大意。记叙文常见的语篇结构，主要可以从三个角度来分析：时空推进顺序、故事六要素即“何时何地何人做何事”和叙事结构“开端、发展、高潮和结局”；议论文常见的语篇结构主要是总分总或总分两种，一般是用事例引出论点，然后提出论据并论证论点，最后得出结论；说明文常见的语篇结构与议论文类似，主要是总分总和总分两种，一般是用事例或试验等引出问题，然后分析原因或试验过程等，最后得出结论、建议或解决方案等。多数情况下主题句出现在语篇的首段和末段，偶尔在中间段，因此，迅速定位主题句，自然就找到了关键词，考生就能顺利地解析语篇结构。命题人通常会利用语篇结构设置局部主旨大意类的试题。如，

30.What is the last paragraph mainly about? (2021 年6 月高考浙江卷）

A.A suggestion for future studies.

B.A possible reason for the study findings.

C.A major limitation of the study.

D.An explanation of the research method.

通过关键词分析语篇结构，很容易看出这是一篇说明文，最后一段属于结论部分，At this point,it is not clearwhydogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans.“To us,themost likely explanationappears to be that the basislies intheir living with humans,which gives them a lot ofexposureto human facialexpressions,”and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them,Müller said.关键 词 是why、most likely explanation、lie in 和exposure，可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因。

4.研读题目关键词，提升逆向推理能力

有些时候语篇难度较大，生词较多，逻辑很难看懂，可以先看选项的设置，分析选项中的关键词，通过使用逆向思维，得出正确的主旨大意或语篇类型。命题人通常会利用选项，设置语篇类型类的试题。如，

26.What is the text? (2022 年1 月高考浙江卷）

A.A biography.

B.A book review.

C.A short story.

D.A science report.

通过选项的表述，逆向回到语篇中寻找与之相应的关键词，既可以回避一些难度较大的词汇和语篇结构，也能避免比较模糊的选项的干扰，就像第一段内容一下子摸不着要讲什么，The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology,and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy,electricity created the modern world.Yet properly understood,the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam,which began a century earlier.但是在第二段“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions,”writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers: Steam,Electricity,and the Men Invented Modern America.Klein,a noted historian of technology,spinsa narrative（叙 述）so lively that at times itreads like a novel.不到最后一句还是看不懂要讲什么，还感觉有点像是自传，但是最后一句里的主题词narrative 和reads like a novel 基本上可以锁定语篇类型了，即使narrative 不认识，光凭reads like a novel 就能判断了。接下来的三段都是叙述，The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland,where Watt perfected“the machine that changed the world”.Klein writes,“America did not invent the steam engine,but once they grasped its possibilities they put it to more uses than anyone else.”

Meanwhile,over the course of 19th century,electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit.Bell then gave the telegraph a voice.Edison perfected an incandescent bulls（白炽灯泡）that brought electric light into the American home.

Most importantly,Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification,which he showed in New York City.With help from Tesla,Westinghouse’s firm developed a system using alternating current（交流电）,which soon became the major form of power delivery.又有点让人模糊，选项A、C、D 都有点像，让人犹豫，这里要继续逆向推理，找到符合选项的关键词，完全可以避开这三段，直接看最后一段Toframehis story,Kleincreatesthe character of Ned,a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man’s lifetime.It’s atechniquethat helps turn a long narrative into aninterestingone.通 过关键词frame、create、technique、narrative 和interesting 可以判断主要是在谈论一本书，与选项B.A book review.吻合。可见通过选项逆向寻找关键词是一种十分有效的方法。再如，

35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?（2023 年1 月高考浙江Ⅰ卷）

A.Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay

B.Solar Energy: Hope for the Future

C.InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture

D.Solar Farms: A New Development

通过选项的表述，四个选项的主题词比较明确，可是语篇里没有明确的关键句和核心词汇，需要考生自己提炼，因为选项给出的关键词比较明确，只需要考生在语篇里稍微提炼总结，找到支撑的论据就可以了。第一段中的But all of that growth will take up a lot of space,and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy,few like large solar panels to be installed near them.和第二段中的The result is that many communities,especially in farming regions,see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.描述的是人们对solar farm 的态度，最后一段是总结，针对开始人们的质疑，明确了solar farm 的积极影响，“These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,”says Macknick.通过选项反过来在语篇里找相匹配的关键词，不仅能提升考生逆向思维能力，还能使考生很快得出正确的答案。

二、利用语篇关键词，提升七选五题型解题能力

1.分析选择项关键词，提升信息匹配能力

先阅读七选五的七个选项，通过选项中句子的句意或者句子后面的标点符号来判断该句的关键词，初步判断选项在文章中的可能位置。再分析空前、空后。由于句子与句子之间有一种相关的联系，所以我们可以将选项中推导的关键词与空前、空后的句子有某种必然联系的关键词匹配，从而选择正确的答案。命题人通常会利用若干选项，设置信息匹配类的试题。2023 年1 月浙江卷七选五选项A 和C 的关键词分别是impatient和temperature，“A.Train trips aren’t for impatient types.”“C.The temperature on rail cars is often hard to control.”推导出关键词之后，直接到相关段落里匹配相应的描述，就能又快又准解决问题，节省做题时间。

2.关注指示代词，提升语篇逻辑能力

在七选五题型中，指示代词本身就是关键词，注意代词在句子中的使用，利用代词的指代作用，考生可以从选项中找到相关的信息，自然就找到了关键词。命题人通常会利用指示代词，设置逻辑衔接类的试题。如，Plan ahead.Most long-distance trains,especially the sleeping car accommodations,sell out very quickly. 36 But no matter when you travel,it’s a good idea to make your reservations at least 90 days in advance.(2023 年1 月浙江卷第36 题）选项“D.That’s particularly true during busy summer months.”里的That 所指就是此空前所描述的卧铺很快就卖光的情况，这里的sell out 逻辑链条关注了指示代词，可以让考生语篇逻辑能力增强，也有助于提高正确率。

3.研读疑问词，提升语篇意识能力

语段中通常会有一些疑问词，它们就是语篇关键词。如果选项中或空前后出现疑问词，那么就要寻找相对应的回答语。如果问题设在段首，一般是段落的主题句。寻找主题句时，重点阅读下文第一、二句，锁定线索关键词，然后在选项中查找相关特征的关键词，最后看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。如果问题设在段尾，通常是结论或概括性的语句，关键词要在空格前的一、二句中寻找。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的关键词，如therefore，as a result，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word 等词语。命题人通常会利用疑问词设置问答类的试题。如，

So,how do you find a workout partner?

First of all,decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility? Think aboutthe exercisesyou would like to do with your workout partner.(2022 年全国新高考Ⅰ卷）选项D.Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport? 虽然与后句Or do you just want to be physically fit,able to move with strength and flexibility? 并列，其实是主题句 How do you find a workout partner?问题的分解，它们都指向共同的答案 the exercises，因此，the exercises 就是答案。因此，研读疑问词有利于提升考生的语篇意识。

三、利用语篇关键词，提升完形填空解题能力

1.寻找信息关键词，提升探究语境意义能力

一般来说，完形填空的设题都是基于上下文语境的，每道题的四个选项形式完全相同，如，都是动词原形、副词、名词复数形式等，所以要注意他们在意义上和搭配上的细微差别，形义兼顾。可通过上下文寻找信息关键词来辨别，再把这些选项放到特定的语境里进行区分，从而选出正确答案。

如，Here,in south-east Ethiopia,hand-carved beehives(蜂箱) are placed in the 42 . ... 49(Finally),Ziyad got close to the hive which wasaround20 metres above theground.Sitting on abranch,he 50 (inched) towards it and blew smoke from his torch into a tiny hole in the hive.(2023 年1 月高考浙江卷）

42.A.courtyards B.fields

C.treetops D.caves

根据下文语境所描述的场景，可以推断蜂箱是被放置在离地面二十米的树上，只有选项C 符合这个语境意义，通过语境意义可以寻找关键词ground 和branch，为得出正确答案提供有力证据。考生平日多加练习此类题目可以提升探究语境意识能力。

2.识别语篇标志关键词，提升辨别逻辑关系能力

语篇一般指比句子长的语言单位，如句群、段落、篇章等。语篇意识的体现在于关注表明其内在联系的关键词，这些词被称为“语篇标志”。语篇标志就是语篇逻辑的关键词，表示结构层次的语篇标志词有firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally 等；表示逻辑关系的词有thus,therefore,so 等；表示改变话题的词有by the way 等；表示递进关系的词有besides，what’s more，furthermore 等；表示 时间关系的词有before，so for,yet,meanwhile,later等；表示转折关系的词有but,while,although 等。在做完形填空时，如果能充分利用这些语篇标志关键词，就可以迅速厘清文章脉络，弄清上下文之间的关系，理解所表达的语境。命题人通常会利用语篇标志词设置词义辨析类的试题。

如，Reaching them to get the honey is difficult—and often 43 .(2023 年1 月高考浙江卷第43 题）

A.urgent

B.dangerous

C.expensive

D.pointless

连词and 提示上下文之间存在并列关系，上文提到取蜂蜜非常困难，43 空与此并列，由此判断通常也十分危险。因此，关注语篇标志词能帮助提高考生辨别逻辑关系的能力，从而提高解答词义辨析类问题的能力。

3.利用关键词复现，提升运用语篇一致性能力

词汇复现的语用意义使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整而又有机的意义整体。在阅读过程中，也会发现一些与选项意义紧密相连的同义词或近义词，这些复现词汇就是解题的关键词。因此要学会充分利用这些词提供的有效信息进行合理的推测判断，选出正确答案。命题人通常会利用词汇复现，设置词义辨析类的试题。如，

Everyone started to 55 their hands.Suzy Khan gave them a shy smile and theapplausewas deafening.I knew then Suzy was going to be all right.（2014 年北京卷第55 题）

A.clap B.wave

C.raise D.shake

由下文原意复现词applause 可知，此处表示大家开始鼓掌。显然，关注词汇复现能帮助考生提升运用语篇一致性的能力。

总之，高考涉及语篇阅读的题型很多，利用语篇关键词对提升高考阅读理解能力大有裨益。因此，考生在平时训练中要提升捕捉语篇关键词的能力，阅读时要养成依据主题句、高频词、疑问词、指示代词、原意复现、语境意义、语篇标记、语篇结构和选项来确定关键词的习惯，运用正确的方法提高解题能力，从而取得理想的成绩。