高考阅读理解题对书籍简介的考查

罗丽雯

“阅读”这一话题，自2018至2020年，都是高考阅读理解题考查的内容。如表1所示：

如上表所示，2018年所考的阅读材料指出，研究发现能在阅读中找到兴趣的孩子越来越少；2019年的文章，以作者与图书馆的缘分为线索，体现了作者喜欢阅读，并将阅读的乐趣传递给下一代。2020年新高考改革前最后一份卷所用的阅读材料，点明重新阅读一本书的乐趣——可以加深对自己的了解。可以看出，高考阅读文章一直在倡导“阅读”“悦读”，呼吁考生培养阅读的兴趣，养成阅读习惯。

新高考改革后，虽未再见以“悦读”为主题的文章，但2023年新高考全国卷4套题中，有3套题的阅读C篇是与书籍相关的，“阅读”“书本”依然是高考阅读题的重心，那这三篇阅读是怎样的呢？我们先看一下表2：（书的封面来自网络）

从表2可以看到，新高考三套题的C篇都是英语书籍的简介。Ⅰ卷介绍的这本书，提倡“数码极简主义”，书的内容与现在随处可见的“低头族”的问题息息相关，作者在书中提出帮助读者减少沉迷于数码产品的方法。Ⅱ卷在简介这本“书中之书”之后，提出“书本不会过时，在网络发达的时代，书本还能保护我们隐私”的观点。这与纸质书本在新科技的影响下，遭受冷遇的情况相关，而纸质书可以保护我们的隐私这点更是触碰到我们不少人心中的痛。甲卷 C篇则以作者自身经历——因Jostein Gaarder的书接触到哲学，再因为Eric Weiner所写的书重唤对哲学的喜爱，并简介了Eric Weiner这本书，特别点出了这是一本“可将哲学用于改善生活”的书。这一观点有助于改变人们对“哲学”的刻板印象，因为我们可能认为哲学是沉闷的或深不可“触”的。所以从选材上来看，这三本书都具有现实意义。

而作为高考阅读题的材料，高考的阅读题从告诉考生阅读有乐趣，转向直接推荐具体的书籍，告诉考生“书中自有实用干货”。那这几篇考查了哪些方面呢？我们先来阅读2023新高考全国 Ⅰ卷 C篇，对文章和题目进行分析。

【例1】2023新高考全国 Ⅰ卷 C篇

The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism， including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works， and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.

To do so， I divided the book into two parts. In part one， I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism， starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable， before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.

Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy： the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days， you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.

In the final chapter of part one， I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so， I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them， and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.

The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate （培養） a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters， I examine issues such as the importance of solitude （独处） and the necessity of cultivating highquality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices， which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.

文本分析：

利用各段首句（阅读篇章中划线句子），不难发现本文的结构为总-分，这点不再赘述，文章结构则借助思维导图展示（如图1）：

本次文本分析，主要是放在作者的语言表达上。这篇是作者书本的自序，语言简洁平实，而且作者采用的表达（见表3）大多以I do …you'll do…这样的语句，更像是作者与读者进行面对面的交流。这些像“对话”的表达，是不少题目解题的关键。接下来我们一起来看一下题目。

28. What is the book aimed at？

A. Teaching critical thinking skills.

B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.

C. Solving philosophical problems.

D. Promoting the use of a digital device.

解析：本题问这本书的写作目的。根据第一段第一句提出的“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism， …， and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy…”，写作目的应是两个不定式所表达的内容，而理解的关键就在digital minimalism，digital是数码，于是可以排除A和C两个答案。但剩下的B，D选项都含有digital，于是关键就是minimalism一詞的意思。

解题思路一：拆词法，观察一下minimalism，你会发现含有mini和ism，其中ism是后缀，一般表“主义”，如realism，现实主义，Impressionism印象主义，这两个词都在2019版新人教选择性必修三Unit 1的单词表中有出现。mini，指“小，迷你”，如果按这个思路推测，digital minimalism不是指让我们去使用数码产品，相反是让我们减少使用数码产品，因此本题应该选B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.

解题思路二：“曲线救国”法。既然这是一本书的简介，那么书的内容应该与书的目的一致，利用第三段“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days…”（这要求你远离在线活动30天），既然是要求读者远离在线活动，那就不会是D. Promoting the use of a digital device.（推广使用数码设备），可以排除D选项。

29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean？

A. Clearup.B. Addon.

C. Checkin.D. Takeover.

解析：本题问划线词的意思。

解题思路一：利用“…the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.” This一词应是指代前面提到的digital declutter，如上一题所解释，既然是要求读者远离在线活动30天，那么declutter的意思应是A. Clearup.

解题思路二：利用图1，也即是本文的思维导图，考生也可以推测出digital declutter是与digital minimalism是同义转换，所以如果懂得构词法的同学，则可以利用minimalism推测出declutter是清理、减少的意思。

30.What is presented in the final chapter of part one？

A. Theoretical models.B. Statistical methods.

C. Practical examples.D. Historical analyses.

解析：本题问书的第一部分的最后一章内容是什么。

解题思路一：利用表3中的语言表达“I'll guide you …In doing so， I'll …You'll hear…and learn…”可见这一章作者是要指引读者做一些事情，而要达到这一目的，“作者会……读者会听到和学到……”，因为最后一章呈现的内容，关键就在看读者会听到和学到什么，其具体内容为You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them， and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.（听到参与者的故事，学习对他们来说有用的策略，避免他们踩过的陷阱）。由此可见，答案为C. Practical examples.

解题思路二：利用图1，也即是本文的思维导图，考生可以推断出这部分作者在推荐一些办法，A是表示理论模式，B表示统计方法，D表示历史分析，显然都不属于“建议”，可以排除。

31.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two？

A. Use them as needed.

B. Recommend them to friends.

C. Evaluate their effects.

D. Identify the ideas behind them.

解析：本題问作者建议读者如何使用第二部分所提供的实践。再次利用表3的语言表达“I examine … You can view…”，可知关键在于 You can view…这一部分，具体为“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.”（你可以将这些实践当作工具箱，借助它们来帮助你，形成适合你所处特定环境的极简数码生活方式。）由此可见，答案为A。

问及书本的内容，涉及书的写作目的（总）或是某一章节的内容（分），借助的是首段，还有“You'll see… and learn”“You can view…”等语句解答。既然 2023新高考全国 II卷的C篇也是与介绍书本有关，那我们看能否也用这一思路来解决一些问题。

【例2】2023新高考全国 Ⅱ卷C篇

Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.

In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed（描绘）alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to.

Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect（才智）， wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press， books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently， as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway， artists have used them as the raw material for artworkstransforming covers， pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.

Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21stcentury point of view， the printed book is certainly ancient， but it remains as interactive as any batterypowered ereader. To serve its function， a book must be activated by a user： the cover opened， the pages parted， the contents reviewed， perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked， a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private， “offline” activity.

文本分析：

利用表4的内容可以看出，虽然本文也是介绍一本书，但文章结构与I卷有所不同。I卷全篇文章都在介绍同一本书，本篇只有前两段在介绍Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers一书。后面两段是讨论“书本”的价值。但与I卷的文章相似，在介绍书本时（“In this ‘books of books'”），作者同样用了“We see scenes… These scenes…”这样的表达。

在对文本有整体的把握之后，我们看一下题目。

28. Where is the text most probably taken from？

A. An introduction to a book.

B. An essay on the art of writing.

C. A guidebook to a museum.

D. A review of modern paintings.

解析：本题问文章出处。首段Reading Art： Art for Book  Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book（Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers是对日常物品——书本的颂扬），和第二段首句In this “book of books，”（在这本“书中的书”里），可以推测本文在介绍一本书，因此文章可能来自书的简介。

29. What are the selected artworks about？

A. Wealth and intellect.

B. Home and school.

C. Books and reading.

D. Work and leisure.

解析：本题问所挑选的艺术品与什么相关。利用题干定位到第二段，再借助表4中的内容：“We see scenes…”应是指书中所呈现内容，“We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed（描绘）alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. ”（我们能看到孩子们在家或学校学习阅读的场景……在不同的背景中，成人以不同的姿势，沉醉于书本，他们或若有所思，或沉浸于片刻的休闲中）读者所能“看到”的应该是书中的内容，因此答案应是C. Books and reading.

30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean？

A. Understand.B. Paint.

C. Seize.D. Transform.

解析：本题问第二段划线部分的意思。These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to. 利用上一题的分析，我们知道these scenes是指人们阅读书本的情景，这些情景可能是数百年前所绘制的，但他们记录的是我们可以“看得懂”的瞬间。因此答案为A。

31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the ereader？

A. The printed book is not totally out of date.

B. Technology has changed the way we read.

C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.

D. People now rarely have the patience to read.

解析：本題问作者提及电子阅读器想表明什么。利用ereader所在的句子“From a 21stcentury point of view， the printed book is certainly ancient， but it remains as interactive as any batterypowered ereader.”可以看出，作者认为纸质书与电子阅读器一样具有互动性。由此可知，纸质书并没有过时，答案为A. The printed book is not totally out of date.

虽然两篇文章内容构成有所差异，但从问题的设置来看，题目更多还是围绕着所介绍的书本——不管是书本的写作目的还是文章的来源，都是考查学生对书本的总体把握；问书的某一章节的内容，或是书本中的艺术品关于什么内容，也都是考查学生对书本具体内容的了解。前者的答案一般来自首段，后者借助的是“You'll hear … and learn…”和“We see scenes…”等描写书的细节的语句中找到答案。

至于2023新高考全国甲卷 C篇，它与这两篇是否相似呢？请阅读以下文章。

【例3】2023新高考全国甲卷 C篇

I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World. It was full of ideas that were new to me， so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy （哲学）.

That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault， Baudrillard， or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.

Eric Weiner's The Socrates Express： In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers  reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation， but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.

Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher's work in the context （背景） of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates， see like Thoreau， listen like Schopenhauer， and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This， more than a book about understanding philosophy， is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.

He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences， and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history， and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding （解读） their massages and adding his own interpretation.

The Socrates Express is a fun， sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire， loneliness， and aging. The invitation is clear： Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It's worth your time， even if time is something we don't have a lot of.

文本分析：

本文一開始是记叙在作者13岁时，因为Sophie's World（《苏菲的世界》）一书喜欢哲学，但热情只持续到大学。接着又因为看到The Socrates Express： In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers（《苏格拉底快车：从哲学家先人那里寻找人生教训》），重唤起他对哲学的热情。而后作者对这本书进行了简介。

借助介绍书本每一段的第一句，我们可以大致勾勒出本文的思维导图：如图2所示。

通过作者在简介这本书的行文中，我们同样可以看到“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene…and then frames …”“we learn to…”等的表达。所以简介书本内容部分，与另外两篇阅读是相似的。接着我们来看一下题目。

28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author ？

A. Foucault.B. Eric Weiner.

C. Jostein Gaarder.D. A college teacher.

解析：本题问谁为作者打开哲学之门。根据第一段最后一句“It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy （哲学）.”（它把我带进哲学的世界），顺藤摸瓜，往前阅读会发现it指代的是 Sophie's World （《苏菲的世界》），而这本书的作者是Jostein Gaarder。因此答案为C. Jostein Gaarder.

29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4？

A. To compare Weiner with them.

B. To give examples of great works.

C. To praise their writing skills.

D. To help readers understand Weiner's book.

解析：本题问作者在第4段为何罗列了四位伟大的哲学家。根据题干，我们找到“… we learn to wonder like Socrates， see like Thoreau， listen like Schopenhauer， and have no regrets like Nietzsche.”（我们学会像Socrates那样去思考，像Thoreau一样去看事情，像Schopenhauer那样去听，像Nietzsche那样没有遗憾）借用前两篇的阅读题目的思路，“读者可以学习到的”就是书中呈现的内容。因此作者提及他们的原因应是D. To help readers understand Weiner's book.

30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express？

A. Its views on history are wellpresented.

B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.

C. It includes comments from readers.

D. It leaves an open ending.

解析：本题问作者为何喜欢 The Socrates Express一书。借助第四段“This， more than a book about understanding philosophy， is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.”（这不仅是一本哲学书，更是一本让我们学会用哲学来提高生活质量的书），可知答案为B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.

31. What does the author think of Weiner's book ？

A. Objective and plain.

B. Daring and ambitious.

C. Serious and hard to follow.

D. Humorous and straightforward.

解析：问作者是如何看待Weiner的书。倒数第二段提及“He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise … and he does so with plenty of humor.”（他将哲学想法变成有吸引力的实践……为了达到这个目的，他写得非常幽默）还有最后一段“The Socrates Express is a fun， sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity ”（这是一本有趣的、观点尖锐的书，它用它简洁的表达吸引读者）根据这些内容，可知答案为D. Humorous and straightforward.

本篇以作者个人经历作为开始，而后再引出作者想要介绍的书本。在考查与书本相关内容上，第29题考查的方向与前两篇是相似的，包括答题的思路也比较接近。到此，三篇以“书籍”为主题的阅读文章已全部介绍完毕，究竟我们从中可以学习什么呢？

相似点小结：

1.主要内容的相似

虽然三篇文章篇章结构有所不同，但主要内容都是书的简介，包括介绍书的主要内容，和书中某一章节的内容。在这过程中都体现了书的价值，或能引导读者解决现实问题，或能保护读者的隐私，或可用于帮助读者提升生活质量。

但2023新高考全国 I卷的文章为书的自序，所以作者并没有提到对书本的态度。甲卷的C篇，因为The Socrates Express这本书对作者是影响较大的，所以作者表达了对这本书的喜欢；而II卷介绍的是“书中书”，借由这本书的内容，作者强调书籍并没有过时，相反，纸质书仍有它的现实价值。

2.考查的相似点

3.价值观上的倡导

新高考的阅读材料挑选的是英语书的简介。这些文章中的书本，或有现实指导意义，或与艺术相关，或对作者有着正面影响，其共同点都是表明书本跟我们息息相关，特别是Reading Art： Art for book lovers一书，以艺术的形式展现了不同时空、不同的人阅读的情形，书的价值得以体现，而背后的意义不言自喻：请重视书本，请多阅读。

建议：

1.这三篇文章都是放在C篇的位置，结合文章所使用的词汇、长难句等，文章的难度还是比较大的。但是，利用本文中解析题目的方法，其实考生是可以做到“敌方高空防守，我方低空袭击”的。例如遇到考查書中具体某个章节所呈现的内容，这三篇文章都是借助“You'll learn…， You can view… We see scenes …We learn”等这样的语句来表达。这几个主句所带的宾语从句正是解答题目的关键所在。换句话说，为了清楚介绍书本的内容，作者经常会以读者可以阅读到什么、学到什么的角度出发来描写，甚至会举例子进行说明，而这些语句通常比较好理解，也是我们解题的突破口。

2.作为英语科的考试，考查的材料从近几年经常考查的研究报告类，到现在几乎是“原汁原味”的英语书籍简介，其传递的信息也很明显：注重考查学生的英语核心素养。语言能力固然是看懂文章的基础，但考生是否能提升自己的思维品质，通过利用阅读策略、运用语言能力等，达到理解地道英语文章的目的，都是非常重要的。这就要求考生除了掌握课内的知识外，还应拓宽学习的渠道，在课后的学习中主动学习，形成阅读书籍、特别是英语书籍的习惯。只有不断提升自己学习能力，才能更好地应对未来的挑战。