高考阅读题中的“研究报告”类 文章考查方向及应对策略

罗丽雯

一、問题的提出

2023新高考全国I卷阅读D篇，讲述了两种测量“群体智商”的方法：取个体测量数值的平均值和取小群体测量数值的平均值。这篇文章对不少学生来说，由于词汇、长难句、话题等原因，难度是比较大的。但回看历年高考题，类似这样难度的阅读并非“前无古人”，那如何读懂这类文章呢？以下我们将借用近3年的高考真题来说明。

二、近三年“研究报告”考查方向

1.近三年考查的与“研究类”相关的文章及主题

2.文本研究对象的界定

先对分类做一个说明，研究报告类是指阅读语篇以研究报告为主，介绍相关研究的背景、研究过程、研究结果等。引用数据支撑类，是指作者在讲述某个话题时，引用相关的研究作为支撑，也就是研究报告只是辅助作用，并非文章的主体。

从表格我们可以看出，近三年来，新高考全国Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷和甲乙卷对研究报告的考查方向是有所不同的。新高考全国Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷倾向于考查学生是否能读懂整篇研究报告。而甲乙卷更多是考查学生能否读懂“研究结果”。且又因为新高考全国I卷的阅读理解话题是学生不太熟悉的（2022 新高考全国I卷是有关唇齿音的出现，2023年是有关群体智商的测量方法），特别是比起新高考全国Ⅱ卷的话题（2022新高考全国Ⅱ卷主题是有一定强度的有氧运动对心脏健康有好处，2023新高考全国II卷是多接触自然对人类身心皆有好处，是学生平时能接触到的，相对容易理解的话题），所以本文主要以新高考全国I卷的阅读篇章为主，讨论如何更高效读懂此类研究报告。

3.研究报告类文章的特点

（1）篇章结构：总分为主

大多数研究报告在第一段已经呈现最重要的内容：研究结论。然后再阐述相关的概念、研究过程、后续的研究方向等。另外，在描写研究过程的段落，也可谓“头重脚轻”，一般是第一句点明本段要阐述的内容，然后或说理，或举例，具体化主题句的内容。因此，研究报告的篇章结构以“总-分”为主。这一特点是由研究报告类文章特点决定的。

（2）语言特点：简洁严谨，但多为长难句。

科学研究报告类的语言需要更为严谨一些，不会特别生动有趣，更多是简明扼要。但句子通常是含有宾语从句、表语从句和定语从句等的长难句。常见的由suggest， show， indicate后加that从句点明研究结论。

4.考向相似点

本文主要讨论新高考全国Ⅰ卷的研究报告类文章的相似考点（新高考全国Ⅰ卷和新高考全国Ⅱ卷近三年的考点不尽相似）：

（1）都考查了段落大意，2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷的34题What is paragraph 5 mainly about和2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷的32题What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about，而考查的本质都是本研究结果的依据。

（2）都考查了新研究的方向，如2022新高考全国Ⅰ卷的32题Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damian Blasis research focus on；2023新高考全国I卷的34题What did the followup study focus on，这两题都需要学生进行信息提取和转化。

（3）两篇的35题What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds和What is the authors attitude toward Navajas studies都考查了特定人物对研究的看法。

三、阅读策略

1.找出每段与研究相关的语句，如a study shows …；the experiment showed that …；the researchers found that …；they discovered that …等。因为研究报告类的文章，段落多数具有“总-分”的特点，因此考生应着力读懂每一段与研究相关的句子（多是每一段首句），以便尽快勾勒出文章的结构。

2.找出长句的主干。此类文章语言需要更为严谨，因此多以含有宾语从句、定语从句、条件状语从句等长难句的形式出现（以便更为清楚说明产生某个研究结论的条件，使得表述更为清晰严谨），所以考生应学会在长句中找出主句和从句的主干部分，即“who did what”，从而尽快读懂句意，理清文章大意。

下面以2023新高考全国I卷的D篇作为例子，说明如何更快读懂文章。

［例1］2023新高考全国I卷D篇

On March 7， 1907， the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases， the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate．

This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors， those errors arent always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate， and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together， they cancel each other out， resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors， then their errors wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms， the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons， peoples errors become correlated or dependent， the accuracy of the estimate will go down．

But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist （轉折） on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion， the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance， the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals．

In a followup study with 100 university students， the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？ Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？ This happened some of the time， but it wasnt the dominant response. Most frequently， the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow， these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error．

Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain， the potential implications for group discussion and decisionmaking are enormous．

32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？

A. The methods of estimation.  B. The underlying logic of the effect．

C. The causes of peoples errors. D. The design of Galtons experiment．

33. Navajas study found that the average accuracy could increase even if

A. the crowds were relatively small

B. there were occasional underestimates

C. individuals did not communicate

D. estimates were not fully independent

34. What did the followup study focus on？

A. The size of the groups.B. The dominant members

C. The discussion process.D. The individual estimates．

35. What is the authors attitude toward Navajas studies？

A. Unclear.     B.Dismissive.

C. Doubtful. D. Approving．

依据前面提到的文章特点，我们先找到本文中与研究结论相关的语句，并进行简化。（阅读原文中划线句子为与研究相关的句子）如表2所示：

经过快速阅读之后，我们可以勾勒出本文各段落间的关系：（如图1所示）讲述两个研究，前两段是讲述1907年的一个研究结果及其原因，后三段是新的研究结果、原因探索和影响。即旧的研究包含what-why，新的研究包含whatwhyhow的结构。

对文章的篇章结构有所把握后，我们再来看题目。第32题，考生阅读第2段的具体内容：Some people will tend to overestimate， and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together， they cancel each other out， resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors， then their errors wont cancel each other out. In more technical terms， the wisdom of crowds requires that peoples estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons， peoples errors become correlated or dependent， the accuracy of the estimate will go down．

利用划线部分的句子可以看出，段落是在解释采用个体估算的平均值，所得数据会更为准确的原因。两个if引导的句子则是从反面说明，如果个体估算不是互相独立的，估算的正确度会下降。也就是本段的首句就是主题句，那么本题的答案应为B.The underlying logic of the effect.。

第33题，考查的是Navajas的研究（也即新研究）发现估算的正确率即使在什么条件下仍能提升。根据第3段首句我们可以选出答案D. estimates were not fully independent（估算不是完全独立的）

第34题问后续研究侧重哪个方面，利用我们对第4段首句的理解，后续研究应该是侧重了解小群体在讨论过程中做了什么，即对应答案C. The discussion process.

第35题问作者对Navajas的研究（也即新研究）的态度是什么。根据最后一段，由although引导的让步状语从句是提出了Navajas研究的不足，但根据最后一段主句的简化句，既然潜在的影响是无限，那么作者的态度应是D. Approving

综上所述，在阅读此类文章时，不妨先“简化”文章，找出每一段跟研究结果相关的语句，而后利用各段简化之后的句子把握整体篇章。事实上把握住整体篇章，也就能理解研究者写本篇研究报告的思路，自然也就更快理解文章了。

下面附上2022新高考全国I卷D篇阅读，同为研究报告类文章，请各位考生利用上面的提到的方法，试着先找出各段与研究相关的句子，并进行简化，看是否能勾勒出篇章结构。

［例2］2022新高考全国I卷D篇

Human speech contains more than 2，000 different sounds， from the common “m”and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others？ A groundbreaking， fiveyear study shows that dietrelated changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages.

More than 30 years ago， the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals， such as “f” and “v”， were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich， Switzerland， has found how and why this trend arose.

They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned （對齐）， making it hard to produce labiodentals， which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later， our jaws changed to an overbite structure （结构）， making it easier to produce such sounds.

The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so large.

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age， with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many huntergatherer people today．

This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300，000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings， but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution，” said Steven Moran， a member of the research team.

根据你所掌握的文章篇章结构，尝试完成如下题目：

32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasis research focus on？

A. Its variety. B. Its distribution.

C. Its quantity. D. Its development.

33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals？

A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.

B. They could not open and close their lips easily.

C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.

D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.

34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about？

A. Supporting evidence for the research results.

B. Potential application of the research findings.

C. A further explanation of the research methods.

D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.

35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds？

A. It is key to effective communication.

B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.

C. It is a complex and dynamic system.

D. It drives the evolution of human beings．

Possible version：

如圖2所示，找出各段首句进行简化后，我们发现文章的结构依然是总-分，先摆出结论，再进行原因的推导，其内在的逻辑关系经过梳理如图3所示：

经过这样的梳理之后，我们再来看题目：第32题问Damián Blasis research主要研究人类语音的哪一方面，根据第二段简化后与研究相关的句子（Now a team of researchers has found how and why this trend arose.一组研究人员已经找到这一趋势产生的方式及产生的原因）可知答案 D. Its development。

第33题，问古代成年人难以发出唇齿音的原因，根据第3段简化的句子，可知原因与门牙上下齿对齐有关，但因为没有同义转换的答案，我们再在第三段找到“our jaws changed to an overbite structure （结构）， making it easier to produce such sounds.（我们的下巴结构有所变化，使得我们容易发出唇齿音）”可在答案为C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured．

第34题问第5段的大意。

Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age， with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（研究者通过分析语言数据库，得出语音是有所变化的。具体的变化体现在最近几千年来，“f，v”（唇齿音）的使用越来越明显。与此同时，在以狩猎为主的人群中并未发现。）

利用我们对篇章结构的分析可知，本段研究者利用语言数据库的数据，分析出唇齿音出现的原因，因此答案为A. Supporting evidence for the research results.

第35题问Steven Moran对人类语音有什么看法。利用他所说的 “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings， but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution， （语音并非一直保持稳定，相反，它是复杂事物间相互作用的产物）可知答案为C. It is a complex and dynamic system.

四、备考策略

1.夯实基础，提升语言能力

从最近3年的阅读理解考查的方向看，都体现考查学生的语言能力和思维品质等英语学科核心素养。本文提出的，找出与研究相关的语句并简化，实则就是培养学生的语言能力的要求。这就要求学生扎实地积累词汇，并在阅读时有意识地找到句子的“主谓”，培养找句子主干的能力。

2. 培养“篇章”意识，提升思维品质

在简化语句后，考生并不是急于做题，而是尝试勾勒出段落间的结构关系，这是对学生思维品质的培养与提升的要求。课堂上老师经常说“先读题目，然后回到原文对应的句子”。但从设问来看“What is paragraph 5 mainly about？”“What is paragraph 2 mainly about？”“Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasis research focus on？”“What did the followup study focus on？”来看，利用题干定位回原文，已经从相关语句转为“段落”，所以如果要读懂文章，不能停留在看懂文章的只言片语，而是应该培养篇章意识。考生在平时的阅读中，可以利用思维导图、列提纲等方式，帮助自己理解段落大意，提升语篇意识。

3. 努力坚持，提高学习能力

笔者在本文提出的两点阅读策略，无非是“简化与研究相关的句子”“理清结构”。看似简单，但这个过程并非一蹴而就，需要大量练习，反复实践，方可“熟能生巧”。这样的策略非常适合用在读研究报告类的文章，只要可以积极主动调适和利用这些策略，则可读懂研究报告这类枯燥又难懂的文章，学习能力也会得以提升，那何愁阅读其他类型的文章呢？

以上借用两篇高考阅读理解题中的研究报告，说明如何简化并提取信息，从大局上把握语篇结构，从而更快理清文意，提高答题效率。希望能对考生有所启发和帮助。

责任编辑 吴昊雷