APP下载

久坐人群坐姿调整背心的研制与性能评价

2023-06-19严芳英何梦秋柯莹

丝绸 2023年6期

严芳英 何梦秋 柯莹

摘要: 不良坐姿是导致久坐人群脊椎变形、下腰酸痛的主要原因。为调整久坐人群的坐姿,本文基于人体功效学,设计研发了一款坐姿调整背心。通过真人着装试验,对坐姿调整背心的热湿舒适性和坐姿调整功能进行性能测试与评价。研究结果表明:在溫度为23 ℃、相对湿度为60%的环境下,受试者穿着背心处于静坐状态时,衣下局部表面温度范围在30.7~32.0 ℃,局部表面湿度范围在47%~58%,无出汗现象,热湿舒适性良好,且穿戴背心后的受试者较穿戴前,后背上角减小,后背下角增大,胸椎后凸和腰椎后倾的不良体态得到显著改善,适合久坐人群长时间穿着。

关键词: 坐姿调整;久坐人群;不良坐姿;矫正带;背心设计;功能服装;服用舒适性

中图分类号: TS941.17

文献标志码: A

随着社会的发展,人们的工作方式逐渐由体力劳动向脑力劳动转变,而脑力工作者长期处于久坐状态。久坐状态是指人体保持坐立姿势日均长达6 h以上,且维持单次坐立姿势时长达30 min以上[1]。有研究指出久坐人群的脊柱机能水平低于非久坐人群,原因之一是久坐状态常常伴随着伏案前倾等不良坐姿,加重了人体脊椎、腰椎的负担[2]。因此,当人体不可避免需要保持久坐状态时,应尽量保持脊柱处于自然弯曲状态,以减小脊椎、腰椎的受力。

可穿戴坐姿矫正产品有助于调整人体坐姿,缓解腰背部的疲劳。目前市场上可穿戴坐姿矫正产品以矫正带为主,通过增加对肩、背、腰的牵引力调整上身的体态,但此类内穿式的坐姿矫正器束缚感较强,长时间佩戴会导致胸椎活动度不够,并可能引发肩关节、腰椎过度后伸等问题。近年来,智能可穿戴式坐姿矫正服装研究日益受到重视。张晶晶等[3]基于Lumo健形元件,设计开发了一款针对青少年儿童的坐姿矫正背心。Jiang等[4]研制了一款自供电坐姿监测背心,可对颈椎、胸椎、腰椎部位的拉伸、弯曲等坐姿变化进行实时监测。Sikligar等[5]基于可连续监测坐姿的可穿戴系统,设计了一款纺织品传感器嵌入式服装。但以上研究均通过将具有坐姿监测和警示功能的传感器设置在传统服装上,辅助穿戴者进行不良坐姿的调整,其核心为智能坐姿矫正系统,缺乏对服装自身坐姿矫正功能的设计。

功能性服装的常用评价方法为真人试验法,主要分为功能性评价和热湿舒适性评价两类,且常采用客观数据测量和主观评价相结合的方式[6-8]。本文通过对现有坐姿矫正产品的面料与结构进行研究并改善,设计开发了一款针对久坐人群的坐姿调整背心,并经真人穿着试验,对其坐姿调整功能性及热湿舒适性进行评估。该坐姿调整背心的设计可结合智能坐姿矫正系统,为智能坐姿矫正服装的设计开发提供参考,使其兼具被动坐姿矫正功能和智能警示功能。

1 坐姿调整背心设计

1.1 款式结构设计

坐姿调整背心的设计不同于传统的矫正带,从美观性和功能性两个角度出发,在结构上将其分为外部背心(图1(a)(b))和内部坐姿矫正带(图1(c)(d))两部分。该坐姿调整背心为一体式结构,外部背心和内部矫正带在后腰处进行缝合固定。成衣规格尺寸设计如表1所示。

外部背心版型设计为合体款式,领型设计为V领,简洁大方,门襟处采用大面积魔术贴实现扣合,可以根据人体围度的变化调整背心的大小。

内部坐姿矫正带则根据功能进行分区,分为大身约束区和肩部弹性区。

1) 大身约束区位于腰腹部和背部,主要功能为固定脊椎形态,防止胸椎、腰椎等过度前倾弯曲,同时为增强后背的透气性,对其肩胛骨两侧进行了打孔设计,后腰部分则设有四支仿生软骨条进行支撑,起到缓解腰部疲劳的作用,前中设有两列排扣,间距2 cm,以实现坐姿调节背心的可调节性。

2) 肩部弹性区位于左右两侧肩部,各设有两条弹力带,主要起到牵引拉伸的作用,并在一定程度上缓解约束区束缚感,借助肩部弹力带可以使人体脊椎在小范围内活动弯曲,避免长时间保持固定姿势给脊椎带来不适感。此外,靠近肩侧的弹力带由背部经过侧肩点连接至侧腰处,远离肩侧的弹力带则由背部经过侧颈点连接至前腹部,所有弹力带均避开了腋下部分,区别于传统的坐姿矫正带,能有效降低对人体的束缚感和提高穿着舒适度,靠近肩侧的弹力带两端固定,远离肩侧的弹力带与大身约束区前片通过尼龙插扣进行连接,起到固定作用并实现内部坐姿矫正带的穿脱便利性。

1.2 面辅料选择

根据面料的选择应与服装的功能性和版型相适应的原则[9],相关面料参数如表2所示。内部坐姿矫正带的约束区选用了微弹PU软皮革复合面料,约束区分布在脊椎区域(胸椎、腰椎),PU皮革面料其具有较好的硬挺度和保形性能[10],此外该面料以棉织物为基布,兼具亲肤和良好的吸湿透气性能。弹性区则选用薄款弹力氨纶面料,弹性区主要从肩部进行牵引拉伸,且同时能够减轻束缚感,要求面料具有较好的弹性。外部背心外层选用粉红色的弹力哔叽西服面料,内层则选用吸湿速干的低弹网眼面料,增加美观性的同时能够保证较好的服用舒适性,哔叽面料为涤纶和黏胶纤维混纺织物,外表平整挺括、质地柔软,且兼具优良的抗皱性、导湿排汗性能,粉红色则具有放松和安抚情绪的效果,可对紧绷的肌肉起到放松舒缓的作用[11]。辅料选用魔术贴、内衣排扣和插扣,确保背心尺寸具有良好的调节功能并且穿脱便利。

2 坐姿调整背心性能评价

2.1 受试者选取

本试验共选取5名身体健康的女大学生作为受试者,年龄(20.2±1.3)岁;身高(162.3±2.1)cm;体重(50.3±2.0)kg;BMI(19.1±0.7)kg/m2。所有受试者均对试验目的、试验内容及试验要求知情,且在试验前24 h内作息规律,无吸烟、饮酒行为,无剧烈运动。试验过程中,受试者被要求穿着相同的合体上衣和裤子。

2.2 热湿舒适性评价

热湿舒适性评价试验在人工气候环境舱(日本ESPEC公司)内进行,环境温度为(23±0.5) ℃,相对湿度为(60±5)%,风速<0.1 m/s,试验模拟环境如图2所示。通过MSR145传感器(瑞士MSR公司),精度为温度±0.1 ℃、湿度±2%。記录指定部位的温度和湿度数据,记录时间间隔为1 min。测试部位分布在内部矫正带的后背部和后腰部,标记为A、B、C、D 4个点,标记位置如图3所示。

试验前,在环境舱内静坐15 min至热中性状态后,穿上试验提供的服装和带有传感器的坐姿调整背心。待受试者穿戴好背心且坐在模拟工位时,试验正式开始计时,受试者需要填写热湿舒适性主观评价问卷,且每隔10 min填写一次,共填写三次,分别在试验开始10、20、30 min的时间节点进行填写,主观评价指标如表3所示。在试验过程中,受试者需保持30 min的坐立状态,可进行伏案作业、使用电脑等行为。

2.3 坐姿调整性能评价

坐姿调整性能评价采用VitusSmartXXL三维人体扫描仪对人体姿态进行扫描,三维人体扫描仪可以从长度、弧度等多个维度对人体各部位数据进行测量。人体在久坐状态下坐姿的变化主要表现在腰部及以上部分的弯曲,即前倾姿态,因此本试验提取人体左侧矢状面的体表图像数据进行评价分析。为保证扫描效果清晰且数据准确,受试者在试验过程中需穿着相同浅色长袖紧身针织衫,以自然状态(双腿稍分开,双手自然垂放在大腿上)坐在凳子上,在穿戴坐姿调整背心前后分别进行两次扫描。扫描结束后,通过电脑软件处理,提取左侧矢状面轮廓图,并分别测量后背上角和后背下角,如图4所示。通过体表角度测量可直观反映人体体态的变化,后背上角和后背下角可对脊柱后凸情况进行初步判断[12-13]。其中,后背上角为第七颈椎点和肩胛骨最凸点连线与竖直方向所成的夹角,是正值,其值越小说明胸椎段越挺拔;后背下角则为后腰中点与肩胛骨最凸点连线与竖直方向所成的夹角,可为正值或负值,正值表示背部舒展或腰部前倾,负值表示脊柱后凸。若后背上角减小,后背下角增大,则表明有矫正坐姿的效果[13]。

在热湿舒适性评价试验结束后,受试者需要填写坐姿调整背心穿着满意度调查问卷,对坐姿调整性能进行主观评价。

2.4 数据分析

采用IBM SPSS Statistics软件对数据进行Shapiro-Wilk检验,检验数据是否符合正态分布,对局部温湿度进行单因素重复测量方差分析(One-way repeated ANOVA),并采用配对样本T检验比较穿戴背心前后热湿舒适性主观评价及体表角度是否存在显著差异。当P<0.05,则存在显著性差异。

3 结果与分析

3.1 热湿舒适性

3.1.1 局部表面温度

受试者穿着坐姿调整背心状态下的各点局部温度随时间的变化如图5所示。试验开始5 min内,基于热传递原理,人体热量传递到皮肤表面,A、B、C、D 4个点温度迅速升高,当人体、服装、环境的热交换达到平衡后,温度逐渐趋于平稳,且维持在32.5 ℃以下,处于人体热舒适的温度范围内。其中,在5~30 min,A、B点平均温度显著高于C、D点(P<0.05),后背部平均温度比后腰部平均温度高1.12 ℃。炉庆洪等[14]研究得出正常青年女性后背部体表平均温度比后腰部高0.5 ℃,相较于体表平均温差,背心内局部表面温差更大,其原因可能是相比腰背部,坐姿调整背心的胸背部与人体表面的贴合度更高,散热相对较差,可以适当增加胸背部的透气孔,使得人体在较高环境温度下穿着坐姿调整背心仍能处于热舒适状态。

3.1.2 局部表面湿度

受试者穿着坐姿调整背心时的各点局部表面湿度随时间的变化如图6所示。从图6可以看出,A、B、C、D 4个点湿度初始值范围在55%~60%,接近于环境仓设置湿度。在试验过程中,各点的湿度随着时间的变化呈逐渐下降的趋势,局部湿度变化在6.6%~9.5%,说明背心吸湿透气性能较好,使得衣下微环境湿度明显低于室内环境湿度,且受试者无出汗现象。在5~30 min,B点和D点的表面湿度存在显著性差异(P<0.05),D点湿度比B点湿度高3.6%,考虑到受试者并未出汗,导致该差异的原因可能是D点位置的贴体度比B点差,衣下环境空间较大,从而使得D点表面湿度更接近于环境湿度。

3.1.3 热湿舒适性主观评价

坐姿调整背心的热湿舒适性主观评价分为热感、湿感及热舒适感三部分,试验过程中,受试者的主观热湿舒适性评价结果如图7所示。在0~10 min,受试者的热感、湿感与热舒适感评分均有所上涨,与客观热湿舒适性实验结果相符,其中热感存在显著性差异(P<0.05);但在10~30 min,热湿舒适性主观评分小幅波动并趋于稳定,主观评价结果范围在0~1,处于舒适范围内,说明该款背心热湿舒适性能良好,可满足久坐人群长时间穿着的需求。

3.2 坐姿调整性能

3.2.1 脊椎曲线状态

利用三维人体扫描软件提取出受试者穿戴坐姿调整背心前后左侧矢状面的轮廓图,如图8(左侧为穿戴前,右侧为穿戴后)所示。从图8可以看出,穿戴背心前人体多处于前倾状态,且脊椎曲线多呈C型,而当人体保持正确坐姿状态时,正常的脊椎曲线状态呈S型[15]。穿戴坐姿调整背心后,受试者的脊椎不良形态明显得到改善,脊椎曲线更加接近人体脊椎正常弯曲状态。穿戴该款背心显然有助于调整不良坐姿,改善脊椎的不良形态,从而减少对脊椎、腰部的压迫。

3.2.2 体表角度测量

通过对左侧矢状面轮廓图进行体表角度测量,受试者穿戴坐姿调整背心前后人体后背上角和后背下角测量结果如图9所示。分析图9可见,受试者穿戴背心后的后背上角比穿戴前减小,且存在显著性差异(P<0.05),即穿戴背心后人体的胸椎段较穿戴背心前挺拔,这表明坐姿调整背心能有效解决胸椎后凸的问题,调整前倾的不良坐姿体态;此外,对比穿戴前,穿戴后受试者的后背下角增大,腰部后倾状态有所改善,但数据不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),该结果表明坐姿调整背心调整腰椎后凸的能力有限,效果不明显。

3.2.3 坐姿调整性能主观评价

坐姿调整性能主观评价问卷由5位受试者在热湿舒适性评价试验结束后填写。问卷调查结果显示:关于“对此款服装调节不良坐姿的功能是否满意”这一问题,80%的受试者选择了“满意”,20%的受试者选择了“一般”选项;关于“您认为此款背心对您的坐姿调整有帮助吗”这一问题,100%的受试者选择了“有一点帮助”选项;关于“您认为长时间穿着此背心会给您的身体带来不适吗”这一问题,100%的受试者选择了“不会”选项。问卷调查结果表明,该款坐姿调整背心对穿着者的坐姿具有一定的被动调整作用,但又不会过度牵引肩、背、腰,从而影响胸椎活动度,适合久坐人群长时间穿着。

4 结 论

本文设计开发了一款坐姿调整背心,通过真人着装试验对坐姿调整背心的热湿舒适性和坐姿调整功效性进行性能测试与评价,主要结论如下:

1) 坐姿调整背心的热湿舒适性良好,在温度为23 ℃、相对湿度为60%的环境下穿着时,背心衣下表面温度稳定在32.5 ℃以下,表面湿度逐渐下降且显著低于环境湿度,下降幅度为6.6%~9.5%,人体处于热湿舒适状态。

2) 坐姿调整背心具有较好的功能性,能有效调整胸椎后凸的不良坐姿体态,从而降低久坐人群背部的疲勞感和不舒适,适合久坐人群长时间穿着。

在后续的研究中,可结合智能坐姿矫正系统,在坐姿调整背心中加入柔性坐姿监测传感器,将被动矫姿和主动矫姿功能紧密结合,设计出更适合久坐人群的可穿戴坐姿矫正服装。

《丝绸》官网下载

中国知网下载

参考文献:

[1]徐帅, 刘静, 徐道明, 等. 久坐行为诱发肌骨系统疾病及运动干预调控机制[J]. 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 2022, 15(2): 211-217.

XU Shuai, LIU Jing, XU Daoming, et al. Musculoskeletal system diseased induced by sedentary behavior induces and regulation mechanism of exercise intervention[J]. Chinese Journal of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, 2022, 15(2): 211-217.

[2]李小兰, 肖瑶, 杨利红. 功能性训练对中年久坐人群下腰背痛康复效果研究[J]. 四川体育科学, 2020, 39(3): 36-39.

LI Xiaolan, XIAO Yao, YANG Lihong. Effect of function training on rehabilitation of low back pain in middle-aged sedentary population[J]. Sichuan Sports Science, 2020, 39(3): 36-39.

[3]张晶晶, 洪文进, 苗钰. 基于Lumo健形元件技术的儿童矫姿背心设计[J]. 上海纺织科技, 2019, 47(4): 49-51.

ZHANG Jingjing, HONG Wenjin, MIAO Yu. Desigh of childrens smart security posture vest desigh based on Lumo health element technology[J]. Shanghai Textile Science & Technology, 2019, 47(4): 49-51.

[4]JIANG Y, AN J, LIANG F, et al. Knitted self-powered sensing textiles for machine learning-assisted sitting posture monitoring and correction[J]. Nano Research, 2022, 15(9): 8389-8397.

[5]SIKLIGAR D, NGUESSAN L, PHAM D, et al. Design of a textile sensor embedded shirt for posture monitoring[C]//Proceedings of the 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. Minneapolis: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022.

[6]WANG Y Y, WU D W, ZHAO M M, et al. Evaluation on an ergonomic design of functional clothing for wheelchair users[J]. Applied Ergonomics, 2014, 45(3): 550-555.

[7]JUNG W K, LEE S M, AHN S H, et al. Development and assessment of a knitted shape memory alloy-based multifunctional elbow brace[J]. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2022, 51(S2): 1989-2009.

[8]SON S Y, MURAKI S, TOCHIHARA Y. Exploring the appropriate test methods to examine the effects of firefighter personal protective equipment on mobility[J]. Fashion and Textiles, 2022, 9(22): 1-14.

[9]楊奇. 女装版型与造型、时尚、舒适之间的关系[J]. 东华大学学报(社会科学版), 2012, 12(4): 252-259.

YANG Qi. The relationship between womenswear fit and styling, fashion and comfort[J]. Journal of Donghua University (Social Science), 2012, 12(4): 252-259.

[10]HOU X Y, ZHAO H T, ZHANG W B, et al. Moisture-regulating microcapsule and its enhanced water vapor permeability of leather polyurethane coating[J]. Progress in Organic Coatings, 2022, 166: 106792.

[11]艾敏, 刘玉红, 漆晓红, 等. 颜色对人体生理和心理的影响[J]. 中国健康心理学杂志, 2015, 23(2): 317-320.

AI Min, LIU Yuhong, QI Xiaohong, et al. The impact of color on human physiology and psychology[J]. China Journal of Health Psychology, 2015, 23(2): 317-320.

[12]王晓霞, 戴建国, 王春霞, 等. 青年女性体表角度分析[J]. 纺织学报, 2013, 34(7): 106-110.

WANG Xiaoxia, DAI Jianguo, WANG Chunxia, et al. Analysis body shape of young women by use of body surface angles[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2013, 34(7): 106-110.

[13]李雨虹. 矫姿带压力分布与矫正效果研究[D]. 上海: 东华大学, 2022.

LI Yuhong. Research on Pressure Distribution and Correction Effect of Orthosis Belt[D]. Shanghai: Donghua University, 2022.

[14]炉庆洪, 杨洪钦, 陈丽, 等. 正常青年体表温度分布的红外热像分析[J]. 中国生物医学工程学报, 2007, 26(4): 528-531.

LU Qinghong, YANG Hongqin, CHEN Li, et al. Analysis of the skin temperature distribution of infrared thermography of normal youth[J]. Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 2007, 26(4): 528-531.

[15]HEY H W D, LAU E T C, WONG G C, et al. Cervical alignment variations in different postures and predictors of normal cervical kyphosis a new understanding[J]. Spine, 2017, 42(21): 1614-1621.

Abstract: With the change of work styles, more and more people sit in front of computer desks for a long time. People who keep a sitting posture for more than six hours a day are classified as the sedentary people. For most sedentary people, it is unconscious to sit with a poor sitting posture and hard to correct. Poor sitting posture may lead to harm to the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines, even to the breathing and digestion system. Therefore, sedentary people should correct their poor sitting posture to keep the spine in a natural bending state, which can avoid the injury of the spine. Wearable sitting posture correction products can effectively correct the sitting posture and relieve the fatigue of the waist and back. Currently, the main wearable sitting correction products in the market are posture correction belts. However, wearing a traditional posture correction belt with strong sense of bondage for a long period would possibly cause excessive posterior extension of the shoulder joint and lumbar spine. In addition, the development of science and technology promotes the innovation of smart sitting posture correction garments. The core of such products is a smart posture correction system, while the style, structure and correction function of the sitting posture correction garment itself are neglected.

Based on ergonomics and garment material science, we developed a sitting posture adjustment vest that can correct the sitting posture of the sedentary people. Different from traditional posture correction belts, the sitting posture adjustment vest consists of an external vest and an internal correction belt in structure. The internal correction belt is divided into the body restraint and shoulder elastic area based on specific functions. In the body restraint area, there are lots of small holes on the scapula to increase the breathability. And the bionic cartilage strip on the back waist can support the waist and relieve fatigue. In the shoulder elastic area, two elastic straps are set separately on the two sides of the shoulder and avoid the underarm part, which decreases the binding sensation of the armpit. Additionally, different functional areas are matched with different clothing fabrics to improve the wearable comfort. All of the fabrics selected have great moisture-absorbing and breathable performance. Through the use of Velcro, buckles and snaps, the sitting posture adjustment vest has a good adjustable function and is easy to put on and take off. In this study, five female subjects were invited to participate in the experiment of human wearing to test and evaluate the thermal and humidity comfort and the sitting posture reclamation function of the sitting posture adjustment vest. Measurements include physiological indicators and a subjective questionnaire. During the experiment of thermal and humidity comfort evaluation, subjects were required to keep sitting for 30 min and fill out the subjective evaluation questionnaire every 10 min. The temperature and humidity of the four marked points of the vest were recorded with an interval of 1 min. As for the evaluation of sitting posture adjustment function, we observed and measured the change in the curve of the human back and the angle of the body surface. And the subjects needed to fill out the subjective evaluation questionnaire for sitting adjustment performance. The measurement results show that the vest has favorable thermal and humidity comfort. For subjects sitting still at a temperature of 23 ℃ and a relative humidity of 60%, the local surface temperature under the clothing increases at first and stabilizes below 32.5 ℃ after 5 min while the humidity decreases with a change range of 6.6%-9.5%. The mean temperature of the back is 1.12 ℃ higher than that of the waist because of the better fit between clothing and body. And subjects are not sweating. After wearing the sitting posture adjustment vest, the poor spine shape of subjects is significantly improved and the spine curve is closer to the normal curvature of the human spine. Furthermore, the upper back angle of the subjects wearing the vest significantly decreases while the lower back angle increases. It indicates that the vest has good sitting posture correction performance. According to the results of subjective evaluation, the subjects are basically satisfied with the comfort and correction function of the sitting posture adjustment vest. The sitting posture adjustment vest can meet the needs of wearing for a long time for the sedentary people.

In recent years, there has been increasing attention on the research of smart wearable posture correction products. The sitting posture adjustment vest can provide reference for the design of smart sitting posture correction clothing. Combined with the smart posture correction system that is based on the machine learning algorithm, a smart sitting posture correction garment with both passive correction and warning correction can be developed.

Key words: sitting posture adjustment; sedentary people; poor sitting posture; correction belt; vest design; function clothing; wearing comfort