人称代词背后的信息
2023-05-30袁小林于弟
袁小林?于弟
2022年英语高考(全国乙卷)完形填空题中有如下几句:
We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each 47 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 48. We then asked the child if she could 49or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn't.
47.A. parentB. childC. researcherD. doctor
48. A. feetB. noseC. hands D. ears
49. A. seeB. helpC. reachD. fool
答案是:47. B48. D49. A
意思是:我们把二至四岁的孩子带到我们南加州大学思维发展实验室。每个孩子和一个成人坐下,成人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。然后我们问孩子能否看到成人或听见成人声音。令人吃惊的是,孩子们回答不能。
此完形填空后面还有一句:
Our 59suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism.
59.A. limitations B. requirements
C. theoriesD. findings
答案是D。意思是:我们的发现表明当一个孩子把毯子盖在头上“藏起來”时,这并不是自我主义的结果。
有同学问:文中为什么用her/she指代 adult和 child?
有趣的问题,为什么?
有同学说:是不是这里的adult是女性、child也是女孩?
的确,文中讲到带二至四岁的孩子做实验,并安排成年人配合。一般情况下,被邀请来参加试验的,应该是一些女性而非男性,因为女性陪伴幼儿更合适。但此信息不需要在文中说明。因此文中用her来指代 adult就“无形”中说明了。
还要一种情况:传统英语中指代性别不明的人如adult, child时。一般选择使用he/him。如:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, he can get good advice from this website. (如果你的孩子正考虑间隔年,他可以从这个网站得到好的建议。)
后来西方女权运动兴起,用he/him指代所有孩子,被女权主义者认为是性别歧视。为了避免性别歧视,这个句子通常表述为:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, he or she can get good advice from this website.
人们觉得he or she的表达比较啰嗦,又常表述为:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, they can get good advice from this website.
这样避免了性别歧视,也很流行。但又被批评单复数不一致,违反语法规则。
于是,人们想到遇到性别不明的人时,最好一律用女性来指代。
If your child is thinking about a gap year, she can get good advice from this website.
所以这篇完形填空用中her/she来指代adult和child。又如:
When a teacher takes her students on a field trip, she is responsible to bring every one of them safely back to school with her.
当老师带学生户外旅行时,有责任把每个学生安全带回学校。
这是英语人称代词的妙用,也是其背后隐藏的信息。
人称代词不仅仅是代词而已,其背后常含有许多信息。类似的情况还有:
一、人称代词he/she 或him/her 指代动物
he/him指代雄性动物或庞大而威猛之物(也包括无生命物);
she/her指代雌性动物或柔弱而优美之物(也包括无生命物)。如:
The fierce tiger came at the monkey, but he missed her.
凶猛的老虎扑向猴子,但没有扑到。
We didn't know it was a she until it had kittens.
直到生了小猫,我们才知道这只猫是母的。
Be careful of that dog, he sometimes bites.
当心那条狗,它(公狗)有时会咬人。
二、人称代词she可指代说话人喜爱或有感情的东西,比如国家、城市、学校、轮船、车辆、月亮。如:
We love our mother land. We hope she will be stronger and more beautiful.
我们热爱祖国。我们希望她更强大更美丽。
China will always mean what she has promised to do.
中国一向遵守自己的承诺。
She was Titanic, a ship which was said never to sink.
她就是泰坦尼克号,据说是一艘永不会沉的船。
A nice car! How much did she cost?
很漂亮的车!花了多少钱?
The moon loses her brilliance when the sun makes his appearance.
太阳一出来,月亮就失去了光辉。
三、人称代词he 有时指代任何人,相当于anyone。如:
He that travels far knows much.
远行见识广。
He who doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。
No one remains what he is when he recognizes himself.
当一个人认清自己时,就不再是他原来的自己了。
To find a friend, one must close one eye. To keep him, two.
想找到朋友,一个人得闭上一只眼。想留住朋友,的闭上双眼。
四、人称代词we, you, they有时并不指具体哪些人,泛指所有人。如:
Actually we all make mistakes.
事实上每个人都会犯错误。
You can never tell what they will do next.
谁也说不准他们下一步要干什么。
You lead a horse to a river, but you cannot make him drink.
领马到河边易,逼马饮水难。
They say prices are going to increase again.
据说物价又要上涨。
五、人称代词it也指代不知道性别或不清楚身份的人。如:
Go and see who it is that knocks at the door.
去看看究竟是谁在敲门。
Her baby is due next month. She hopes it will be a boy.
她的孩子下个月出生。她希望是个男孩。
Someone must have come this morning, but we don't know who it is.
上午一定有人来过,但我们不知道是谁。
We saw a tall man stand up and shake hands with Anna. It was the general manager.
我们看见一个高个子站起来和安娜握手。(原来)是总经理。
六、it 还可以指代时间、地点、天气、距离、抽象事物或某种情况等等。如:
It's over 200 miles from London to Manchester.
从伦敦到曼彻斯特有200多英里。
Can you believe she's forgotten it's my birthday today?
你相信她忘了今天是我的生日吗?
It was very wet and windy the day I drove to my hometown.
我开车回家乡那天风雨交加。
It's said that stress will cause sleeplessness.
據说压力大会引起失眠。
人称代词并非总是字面意义,有时含有某些隐藏的意义,需要我们根据上下文和英语的文化习惯去正确理解。