词汇习得中的3Cs意识
2023-04-16焦丽霞
焦丽霞
词汇习得对于语言学习的重要性无须赘言。然而,很多同学虽然从小学,甚至从幼儿园就开始学习英语,但记忆单词仍然不得法:很难记住,或者记忆之后很容易遗忘,再或者虽然记忆了一定量的词汇,但在进行口头和书面表达时不会用或者用错。
实际上,在词汇习得的过程中,仅仅记住单词的发音、拼写和汉语意思是远远不够的。如果想把学习中遇到的词汇变成积极词汇(即能够实际运用的词汇。在正常语速下,听见这类词汇就能明白其中意思,想说就能说出来,想写就能写出来),那么学习者在学习过程中就要具备3Cs意识。所谓3Cs,指的是context、collocation和chunk。
1. Context
context指的是语境,即语言的使用环境。这里主要指内部语境,即一定的言语片断和一定的上下文之间的关系。如果脱离语境去记忆词汇,在口头和书面表达中运用词汇时,就会出现选择困难或者选择错误。例如:当学习者在汉英词典中查“优势”一词对应的英文单词时,会查到superiority、preponderance、dominant position和goodness。但是,如果学习者尝试将下面这个句子译为英语,以上列举的词汇都不合适。
这所大学在信息通信方面有学科优势。
这个句子可以翻译成“The university has a disciplinary advantage / a competitive edge in telecommunications.”。“優势”一词在这里选择superiority、preponderance、dominant position和goodness都不恰当。
再比如这个段落:A couple of centuries ago, nearly all the worlds accumulated learning could be contained in the heads of a few philosophers. Today, those heads could not hope to accommodate more than a tiny fraction of the information generated in a single day.
段落中的accommodate和contain在这个语境中表达“容纳”之义,可以互换使用。但是,诸如下列语境中的accommodate和contain即使都有“容纳”之义,也并不能互换使用。
Designed by an Italian architect, the hotel can accommodate 600 guests.
The envelope contained a few dried rose petals.
如果再考虑一词多义现象,存在部分意义重叠的词语就更不能互换使用了。例如:
Brown rice contains a lot of vitamins and minerals.
She could hardly contain herself when she saw him arrive.
Strong measures are urgently needed to contain the epidemic.
Our main task is to contain expenditure within a budget.
在以上四个句子中,contain的意思分别为“包含”“克制”“遏制”和“限制”。可以看出,特定语境影响甚至决定词汇的特定意义。
2. Collocation
collocation义为“搭配”,实际是指词与词之间的习惯性共现。这里我们重点谈的是不同词性间的搭配。
1)动词和名词的搭配
与汉语相似,动宾搭配,即动词和名词的搭配,在英语中很常见。在习得词汇时,我们要注意动词和名词的习惯性搭配。以下面这个段落为例:
Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language, we share experiences, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to thinking itself. Contrary to popular belief, language does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality by giving meaning to events.
段落中画线的部分都是动词和名词的搭配。如果不注重搭配,可能会出现词语误用现象。例如:我们可以说formulate values、formulate a strategy,但不能说formulate knowledge。
2)形容词和名词的搭配
在下列词组中,画线的词语都有“大”的含义,但是由于“大”的具体内涵不同以及表达习惯方面的原因,表示“大”的形容词可搭配的名词不尽相同。例如:huge、enormous、tremendous、immense、massive和great都可以修饰amount,但在修饰crowds这个词时,可以用large,而很少用别的词汇。在修饰majority一词时,经常用great和vast,很少用别的词汇。
huge suitcases / a huge success / huge amounts of money
an enormous amount/number/volume of
a tremendous amount of work / a tremendous disappointment
an immense amount of money / immense pressure
a massive amount of money / massive increases
the great river / great difficulty / a great military power
a large garden / large crowds / a large number of occupations
a vast empty plain / a vast amount of food / the vast majority of
在一定的语境中,形容词对于特定的名词起到了很好的修饰作用。我们在记忆词汇的过程中,应该特别注意形容词和名词的搭配。
3)动词和副词的搭配
以下列词组为例:play happily, listen attentively, participate actively, go straight, increase dramatically, move cautiously, tell frankly, explain patiently, accept sth graciously, inquire curiously。
以上词组均为“动词+副词”的组合。特定的动词只能用某些特定的副词来修饰。因此我们在习得词汇的过程中,要注意动词和副词的搭配。
4)其他词性搭配
a. “动词+介词+名词”组合
“动词+介词+名词”这种组合很常见。不及物动词加上不同的介词可以表达不同的含义。例如:
I wrote a letter of complaint, and the airline has promised to look into the matter.
I have just been looking through your cookery books for inspiration.
An American inspection team had looked over the sites in January.
以上三个句子中的look into、look through、look over意思分别为“调查”“查阅”“视察”,表意明显有差异。
b. “形容词+介词”组合
例如:be capable of、be typical of、be afraid of、be aware of、be independent from、be dependent on/upon、be sensitive to、be dedicated to、be vulnerable to、be accustomed to、be abundant in、be lacking in、be intent on、be lost in。
c. “……+名词+介词”组合
有的名词,如absence,在不同的语境中,后面可以跟不同的介词。
His long absence from work delayed his promotion.
In the absence of my commanding officer, I acted on my own initiative.
我们来看下面这个段落:
A glance at Grandmas familiar handwriting brought back memories of standing alongside her white rocking chair, watching her “settin down” some letters to relatives. Character by character, Grandma would slowly accomplish one word, then the next, so that a finished page would consume hours. I wept over the page representing my Grandmas recent hours invested in expressing her loving gratefulness to me—whom she used to diaper!
在这个段落中,画线部分包含“名词+介词”“动词+介词+名词”“动词+介词+动名词”组合。熟记这些组合有利于提升语言表达的流利性和准确性。
3. Chunk
所谓chunk,这里指的是语块,是固定或半固定、模式化的块狀结构。语块大都是按照一定的语法规则生成的语言单位,使用时不需要有意识地注意语法结构,可以极大地提高语言使用的正确性和流利性。上文提到的搭配就是语块的一种。除此以外,语块还包括:
1)聚合词
聚合词通常为由几个词构成的短语,有的不可变化、不可分割,例如:at risk、in danger、in retrospect、consist of、in short、in conclusion、to sum up、in/with regard to、in a mess、above all、to begin with、on the contrary、as a result。
有的可以有一定变化,例如:to some/a certain/a large extent、to ones relief。
2)固定和半固定表达
我们来看下面几个例子:
I find myself shyer, more cautious, more anxious.
I find myself attacking everyone in sight.
I find myself sucked in by soap operas, or needing to keep up with the latest news.
I found him a man of principle.
在以上四个句子中,我们可以把画线部分当作语块记忆,从而准确掌握在“find + n. +补足语”结构中,补足语可以是形容词、现在分词和过去分词、名詞。 再例如:
To know what people really think, pay regard to what they do rather than what they say.
It is cooperation, rather than conflict, that will enable you to achieve success.
Ann made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think.
I think Ill stay at home this evening rather than go out.
Most people are content to let perfect days happen at random rather than plan/planning for them.
从以上句子的画线部分,我们可以看出,rather than后面可以跟名词、动名词、动词原形以及从句。如果我们把这些当作语块来记忆,运用起来就会得心应手,不容易出错。
3)名言警句
多数名言警句有固定的表达方式,其中的词汇不能随意改动,因此我们也在这里提及一下。例如:
Pride comes before a fall.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Example is better than precept.
Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.
Man proposes, God disposes.
通过把握词汇学习中的3Cs原则,我们就可以在语言输出中正确地使用词汇。