CXCL14在感染性疾病中的作用#
2023-01-04高思佳徐蕾陈丹
高思佳 徐蕾 陈丹
·综 述·
CXCL14在感染性疾病中的作用#
高思佳1*徐蕾1陈丹2△
(1. 重庆医科大学基础医学院病原生物学教研室,重庆 400016;2. 重庆建设医院药剂科,重庆 400050)
趋化因子CXCL14是一种高度保守的趋化因子,在正常皮肤上皮中大量表达,除了参与细胞增殖、迁徙,血管生成,肿瘤抑制等生物学活动外,CXCL14在细菌、病毒、衣原体、寄生虫等感染性疾病中发挥调节作用,并具有广谱抗菌活性。此外,CXCL14对活化的巨噬细胞,未成熟的树突状细胞和自然杀伤细胞等具有化学吸引力。CXCL14可能成为感染性疾病治疗的新药。
CXCL14;趋化因子;免疫活性;感染
趋化因子是一类可溶性细胞因子,参与细胞迁徙、增殖、分化和生存以及癌症及转移等多种疾病[1]。CC和CXC作为两类主要的趋化因子,由两个N端半胱氨酸残基的间距所定义,这两个残基要么相邻,要么被一个氨基酸残基隔开。CXCL14(最初被鉴定为BRAK,BMAC或MIP-2γ)被分离为一种基因,它首先在乳腺和肾细胞中被鉴定出来,并被证明在正常组织中具有组成性和广泛表达[2-5]。除上述生物学活动外,CXCL14还与多种感染性疾病的发生、发展密切相关。本文将从CXCL14生物学特性、体内表达、候选受体、在感染性疾病中的作用、抗菌作用和免疫反应对其进行阐述。
1 CXCL14生物学特征
1999年,CXCL14被首次鉴定和克隆,其与CXCL1,CXCL2和CXCL8具有30%的氨基酸同一性和55%的相似性,它们与常见的趋化因子受体CXCR2结合[2]。但CXCL14在CXC趋化因子中相对独特,并且不与其共同受体相互作用。事实上,CXCL14是一种孤儿趋化因子,其天然受体仍未被确定[6]。CXCL14的99个氨基酸残基前体具有22个氨基酸的信号肽,该肽被切割产生77个氨基酸的成熟蛋白。人类CXCL14基因,位于染色体5q31.1[2],其计算分子量为9.4 kDa,等电点为9.9,并且人类CXCL14和小鼠CXCL14的区别只有两个氨基酸残基[7]。此外,CXCL14的初级氨基酸序列在脊椎动物中高度保守,CXCL12(也被称为SDF-1)和CXCL14被共同认为是基于物种序列保护及其稳态作用的原始趋化因子[8]。
2 CXCL14的表达
与许多其他趋化因子不同,CXCL14在包括脂肪、大脑、乳房、子宫颈、肺、小肠、味蕾、肾和皮肤在内的几种正常组织中表达,可由脂多糖刺激的单核细胞和B细胞产生,而不是由T细胞产生,尤其是鳞状上皮细胞表达高水平的CXCL14[3, 4, 6]。一般认为CXCL14在某些类型的肿瘤中是一种肿瘤抑制因子,这是基于CXCL14在癌组织中的低表达和在正常组织中的丰富表达,例如口腔癌、宫颈癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、肝细胞癌和乳腺浸润性癌[9-15]。相反,一些研究表明,CXCL14在其他疾病中出现了上调,包括动脉粥样硬化、卵巢癌、2型糖尿病和特发性肺纤维化[16-19]。此外,有研究发现,肿瘤相关成纤维细胞和浸润淋巴细胞等细胞类型是CXCL14过表达的常见来源[20, 21]。
3 CXCL14候选受体
CXCL12的受体CXCR4是第一个被鉴定出与CXCL14有直接相互作用的受体[22]。先前的研究表明,CXCL14可能作为CXCR4的诱饵配体起作用,并抑制CXCL12激活CXCR4信号传导[23]。相反的是,另外一项研究提出CXCL14在CXCL12的存在下协同激活CXCR4。尽管存在高亲和力相互作用,但CXCL14 主要是协同CXCL12激活CXCR4 信号转导[24]。然而,又有一项研究反驳了CXCL14和CXCR4之间的任何关联,指出CXCL14对CXCR4不影响,包括CXCL12诱导的CXCR4磷酸化,G蛋白偶联,内化或下游丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号激活[25]。所有三种可能性(抑制,激活和对CXCR4没有影响)的相互矛盾的结果表明,CXCL14功能的机制是相当复杂的,这可能取决于靶细胞类型、组织微环境背景及其他细胞因子影响的组合[6]。
4 CXCL14在感染性疾病中的作用
4.1 CXCL14在病毒感染中的作用
在一项CXCL14与高危人瘤病毒( Human papillomavirus,HPV)的研究中,CXCL14在HPV阳性癌症中显著下调,并且可以通过CXCL14的表观遗传下调抑制人瘤病毒的抗肿瘤免疫反应[11]。此后,还发现CXCL14能通过上调MHC-I表达,通过抗原特异性CD8T细胞反应抑制人瘤病毒相关的头颈部癌症[26]。另一项CXCL14在慢性乙肝(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染进展中的作用的研究中,学者们发现,与邻近组织相比,肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)组织中的CXCL14表达降低,并且CXCL14中的两个多态性与慢性HBV感染的进展有关,其中CXCL14随着疾病的严重程度逐渐下调[14]。此外,CXCL14在H1N1(甲型流感)中的表达也较低,并且随着疾病的严重程度进一步下调[27]。
4.2 CXCL14在细菌感染中的作用
在一项CXCL14过表达是否减弱小鼠脓毒症相关的急性肾损伤(Acute kidney injury, AKI)的研究中,学者们发现CXCL14过表达通过下调巨噬细胞衍生的细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β)的产生,降低AKI标志物水平,从而在脓毒症相关的AKI中发挥抗炎作用[28]。另一项牙龈卟啉单胞菌与EGF信号传导在CXCL14调控中的相互作用的研究中,牙龈卟啉单胞菌通过口腔上皮细胞刺激孤儿趋化因子CXCL14的表达,其中,CXCL14的表达主要受gingipain蛋白酶的刺激,并依赖于宿主受体PAR-3,这项研究中,CXCL14是一个宿主因子,当其失调时可能会促进失衡和慢性牙周炎[29]。
4.3 CXCL14在衣原体感染中的作用
CXCL14还是与子宫内膜感染易感性降低相关的细胞因子[30],由于Th1细胞与衣原体感染的免疫保护相关[31],而CXCL14对树突状细胞具有趋化作用,所以CXCL14可能辅助Th1细胞效应的启动和发展[32],从而在子宫内膜感染进程中发挥作用。
4.4 CXCL14在寄生虫感染中的作用
在一项日本血吸虫感染期间肝脏和脾脏的协调基因表达调节细胞迁移研究中,学者们发现在日本血吸虫感染期间,CXCL14在肝脏中表达上调[33]。另一项寄生虫感染后的虹鳟鱼鳃转录组学分析研究中,CXCL14的基因转录升高,表明它在识别I. multifiliis和随后诱导炎症反应中起作用,可能与抗原处理/呈递以及T和B细胞受体信号传导有关[34]。
4.5 CXCL14的抗菌作用
就像其他几种趋化因子,如CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11和CXCL17[35-37],CXCL14还显示出抗菌活性,并且CXCL14的抗菌效力比已知的抗菌肽(anti-microbial peptides,AMPs)如人β防御素-2或趋化因子CCL20更具有优势[38, 39]。一项研究发现CXCL14通过诱导膜去极化和膜破裂,以剂量依赖的方式有效杀灭铜绿假单胞菌、脓链球菌和肺炎链球菌。在这项研究中,CXCL14的二硫键和C端α螺旋不负责其主要的抗菌活性,至少对于革兰氏阴性菌(如大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌)来说,CXCL14主要发挥抗菌作用的是其N末端区域[39]。此外,CXCL14还被证明对革兰氏阴性大肠埃希菌、革兰氏阳性凝血酶阴性链球菌、革兰氏阳性金黄色葡萄球菌、革兰氏阳性丙酸杆菌以及真菌白色念珠菌具有广泛的抗菌作用,并且人类和小鼠CXCL14表现出的那些抗菌活性可以通过抗CXCL14单克隆抗体来进行中和[38]。由于CXCL14不断在健康人类皮肤和其他上皮组织的表皮和真皮中产生,但在存在炎症和疾病时显著减少,这表明CXCL14可能在感染的早期阶段(在炎症条件建立之前)进行细菌杀伤, 而不是炎症驱动的免疫过程[38, 40]。
4.6 CXCL14的免疫反应
CXCL14可由多种免疫细胞和非免疫细胞在不同刺激影响下表达[41]。一项研究表明,CXCL14作为一种在人类舌头味蕾中高度表达的基因,可以分泌到唾液中,提示该蛋白具有与人类唾液中白细胞相一致的免疫监视功能[42]。在混合淋巴细胞反应中,CXCL14上调了树突状细胞成熟标志物的表达,并增强异体T细胞的增殖[43]。因此,CXCL14对体外树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)的化学吸引和树突状细胞的功能成熟将在很大程度上有助于抗肿瘤免疫监测。此外,据报道,自然杀伤细胞(natural killer,NK)也被CXCL14所吸引[44, 45]。
5 CXCL14的未来研究
在不断扩大的趋化因子研究领域中,除了参与细胞增殖、迁徙,血管生成,肿瘤抑制等生物学活动外,CXCL14还与多种感染性疾病的发生、发展密切相关。
因此,有必要阐明CXCL14在感染性疾病中的作用机制, 如果CXCL14的特定抑制剂和激活剂可用,则有可能调节各种类型免疫细胞的体内运输,有利于推进CXCL14在感染性疾病治疗中的应用。
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(2022-5-18)
重庆市科委自然科学基金(编号:cstc2017jcyjAX0409);
高思佳,女,研究生,主要从事分枝杆菌的感染与免疫研究,Email:Gaosijia0625@163.com;
陈丹,女,主管药师,主要从事抗感染药物研究,Email:736688956@qq.com。