指向灾难教育的经典文学语篇比较研读
2022-11-23付仲飞
付仲飞
(泉州市第七中学,福建 泉州 362000)
全球新冠肺炎疫情与俄乌冲突影响下,灾难教育的现实意义愈受关注。灾难教育以人类遭遇过的重大灾难为基本素材,引导学生认识自然、认识社会、认识自我,珍惜生命,提高危机意识,掌握科学方法,加强品格修养,增强社会责任感,培养应对各种灾难的基本能力。[1]人类的历史是一部不屈不挠抗争各种灾难的历史,世界上绝大部分文学经典都与灾难和苦难有关。显然,英语经典文学语篇蕴含着新的育人内涵。
一、问题的提出
高中英语教材中,经典文学作品历来是编者非常重视的选材内容。例如,旧人教版(2007 年)必修1 Workbook Unit 4 THE STORY OF AN EYEWITNESS 改编自杰克·伦敦的同名新闻通讯,记录1906 年旧金山大地震及其引发火灾中作者的所见所闻所感。再如,旧北师大版(2009 年)必修3 Unit 7 第四课Sea Stories改编自埃德加·爱伦·坡的短篇小说《莫斯肯漩涡沉浮记》,讲述一个渔夫遭遇莫斯肯旋涡并幸存下来的故事。该版教材选修8 Unit 23 第三课War Memories 中,A 语篇改编自西摩·赫什的报道《美莱村》,披露越战期间美军制造的“美莱大屠杀”真相;B 语篇改编自弗兰克·理查兹的小说《老兵永生》,记述第一次世界大战期间作者参战的经历。
新英语课程越来越重视人文性和时代性的价值取向。四个语篇分别重排于新人教版(2019 年)必修1 Workbook Unit 4,新北师大版(2019 年)必修2 Unit 5第一课A SEA STORY 以及选择性必修4 Unit 11 第三课。主题语境下,四个灾难文学作品经过了二次改编,语篇呈现新的语言特征,内容更加丰盈,意义空间进一步打开。
深入研读语篇,挖掘文本的价值导向,是培养学生英语学科核心素养、落实学科育人的关键。不同教师研读语篇的角度和方法会有所不同。在对语篇进行研读时,教师还可以进一步关注语篇的选材出处和发表时间,分析作者或说话人的立场、观点和写作或表述风格,以及特定时期的语言特点和时代印记等。[2]比较是一种有效的学习和研究方法。原文与选文比较,有助于发现文本教学价值的落脚点;类文比较,有助于寻找文本教学价值的迁移点。[3]
因此,有必要将以上四组新旧语篇进行比较研读。通过分析新语篇的语言表现手法,领悟新教材编写者二次创作的意图,揭示语篇的灾难教育导向,准确把握作品的育人价值。
二、语言表现手法与灾难教育导向
(一)描绘灾难现实,唤醒生命意识
生命是教育的逻辑起点和最高目的。在灾难教育中渗透生命教育,是灾难教育的应有之义。纵然灾难已成历史,经典文学作品仍能借助语言的力量将其形象地复原,让读者仿佛身临其境,直面震撼内心的山呼海啸和枪林弹雨。读者在与作品共时同感的灾难场景中,体会到自然之博大、战火之无情、人类之渺小,引发他们敬畏自然和居安思危,体悟生命的真谛。(下文依序以新语篇一至四指代上述四个新语篇;例中斜体部分为替换过的或新添加的内容,括号内为旧用词)
1.描述性语言
例1:①Within an hour of thefirstquake,the smoke could be seen 100 miles away.The sun was red in the dark sky.There was no stopping the fires.
②Out at sea it was calm.No wind came up.Yet from every direction——east,west,north,and south,strong winds blew upon the unlucky cityand those whose homes had once stood in its green hills.
例2:①Ahugewave covered our boat and my younger brother fell into the sea.(enormous)
②With the wind and waves we were going in the direction of the whirlpool.
③We went round and round,nearer and nearer to the horrible edge of the whirlpool.
④...and we were going round in circles at great speed.
⑤...,itwas pulled intothe bottom of the whirlpool.(sank into)
例3:Chuc was wounded in the leg and almost unconscious,but he was covered by a pile of dead bodies and thus,his life wassaved.
采用描述性语言进行叙述,使得细节刻画变得准确、生动、逼真,容易引起读者想象或联想,帮助读者对语篇情境感同身受。新语篇一通过描绘浓烟规模、天空颜色、火势蔓延的速度以及大火的风向,强调了地震引发火灾的肆虐无情(例1)。新语篇二通过展示大漩涡的大小、形状、方向、速度与力量,突出了大漩涡震撼无比的威力和磅礴气势(例2)。新篇语三通过描写惨绝人寰的灾难现场,反映了战争的残酷,进而凸显生命之可贵(例3)。
2.修饰词
例4:①Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart of the city.
②Some weredressed onlyin blankets....(covered)
例5:①That was the day when it tookonlysix hours to break my body and soul.
②I knew what he meant by thatoneword well enough.
③...and I cannot expect you to believe meanymore than the fishermen did.
修饰词的适当使用可以加强语气,使作品的语言更具穿透力、感染力。新语篇一、二通过添加only、one、any 以及very 等修饰词,达到强化灾难场景描写的效果,让读者感受到地震和火灾巨大的破坏力,体会到大漩涡的神奇威力(例4,例5)。
3.修辞手法
例6:①The earthquake that hit San Francisco on April 18 shook down hundreds of thousands of dollars'worth of walls and chimneys.
②But the fire that followed burned up hundreds of millions of dollars'worth of buildings and homes.
例7:It took less than a single day to change my hair from black to white.
修辞手法的恰当使用能充分体现语言魅力,起到增强语势与渲染思想的作用,提升语篇的文学艺术性。新语篇一、二更加注重修辞手法的使用。拟人手法与反复手法让读者真切感受到地震与火灾带来的满目疮痍(例4①,例6,例14);反复手法使作品中的大漩涡更具画面感和现场感,给人以强烈的震撼(例2③),夸张与比喻手法强调了大漩涡给主人公带来巨大的身心伤害(例5①,例7,例15)。
(二)修正语篇基调,弘扬理性精神
灾难题材应侧重对灾难的理性叙事,理性地面对自然和人类自身,以避免灾难的根本教训缺位。没有理性的反思,就会陷入悲剧的死循环。[1]经典文学语篇蕴含更加丰富的情感教育,旨在培养读者健康的灾难心理,引导读者学会处变不惊,坚强、冷静、客观地正视灾难、接受灾难,做到有灾无慌、有慌不乱。
例8:①Tens of thousandswho had lost their homes left the city to look for shelter from the fires.
(thousands and thousands of people)
②Nothing is left of it but memories and some houses far from the centre of the city.A list of buildings undestroyed was now only a few addresses.A list of the brave men and women would fill the library.A list of all those killed will never be made.
例9:①...but he was toofrightenedand stayed in the heavy boat.(terrified)
②...the whirlpool became lesswild.(violent)
③One day,my two brothers and I...islandswhere we often risked going...
④After a while,I became curious about the whirlpool itself....I felt calmer than when we were moving towards it.
⑤I began to think how amazing a thing it was to die in such a way,and how wonderful it was to see the power of nature!
例10:The people began weeping andpraying.(begging)
例11:The German officer asked Bill if we would likesomebeer.(a couple barrels of)
英语中同义词、近义词众多,但选用不同的词汇其情感的表达程度是不同的。经过编者精心斟酌用词色彩,语篇的笔力走势得以改变,作品中人物形象得以重塑。新语篇一通过替换数量词和删除部分负面的语言表达,语篇氛围从忧郁变为深沉,作者对灾难的态度从消极悲观变为积极上进(例8)。新语篇二通过弱化贬义词,大漩涡的形象从凶恶变为神秘,语篇氛围从恐怖变为凝重(例2①,例9①②);通过添加褒义词,主人公个性变得勇敢、好奇、冷静与乐观,其对大自然的态度从逆来顺受变为敬畏顺应(例9③④⑤)。新语篇三、四分别通过替换同义词与数量词,作品中灾民们的特质从甘受屈辱变为自尊自强(例10);士兵的内心情绪从失落焦躁变为沉稳平静(例11)。
(三)融合跨学科知识,提升科学素养
课程应强调生态、跨文化和跨学科学习,支持学生获取和生产知识,同时培养他们批判和应用知识的能力。[4]灾难作为生活的一部分,其问题需要多学科的视角、知识与方法的综合运用才能解决。[5]在学科领域渗透灾难教育,有助于激发学生好奇心和求知欲,充分调动学生深入了解人与自然的复杂关系,不断提高科学素养,增强他们运用智慧解决生活问题的能力。
例12:Man himself had to make ruins of some the city's best buildings so that they would not be a danger to those in the streets.
例13:I noticed that the heavier objects went down more quickly than the smaller,lighter ones.
→Then I made three important observations.First,the larger the bodies were,the more rapidly they fell;the second,between two objects of equal extents,round objects fell down less rapidly;and the third,between two objects of the same size,objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly.
灾害发生时逃生、自救、避险等知识点的跨学科整合,有助于普及减灾防灾科学知识,提高人们灾害防范意识。新语篇一通过创造性添加first 一词,强调地壳运动的发生规律,以及通过保留旧语篇中有关火灾避险的科学做法,形象地介绍了与地震和火灾相关的次生灾害防范常识(例1①;例12)。新语篇二通过扩写,通俗地解释了流体力学原理的应用(例13)。
(四)描摹人物情感,发展共情能力
教育学应培养学生的智力、社会和道德修养,促进学生同理心和同情心的养成,从而通力合作改造世界。[4]在灾难面前,抒写人类共有的对民众苍生的悲悯情怀尤其重要。鼓励学生对作品中人物的状态或需要保持敏感,设身处地地体会他们的情感、行为与动机,有助于学生想象体验文中的情境,与人物产生情感共鸣,进而软化、感化学生的心灵,增进其同理心和同情心。
例14:①San Francisco is gone.
②The factories,...and the great houses of the rich are all gone.
③All of the ways man had made to keep the city safe were gone...
④By Wednesday afternoon,half of the heart of the city was gone.
例15:I felt sick,as if I was falling from a mountain top in a dream.
例16:The calm endedand panic set in.
例17:The officers came to an understanding that we would celebrate Christmas intemporarypeace until midnight.
在文学作品中,人物的语言是人物思想情感的集中体现。新语篇一、二通过增加人物语言描写并结合修辞手法的运用,真实抒发了作者对受灾城市和市民的恻隐之心和惋惜之情(例1②尾句,例8,例14);生动展现了大漩涡给主人公带来的痛苦与无助(例5①,例7,例15)。新语篇三、四分别强调了战争给民众带来的恐慌,以及士兵们对和平的渴求(例16,例17)。
(五)深化主题思想,培养人文情怀
灾难文学作品目的不是为了记录灾难和渲染灾难,而是透过灾难来张扬一种生命的庄严与人类精神。[6]面临灾难时,人类所表现出的美好品德与人性光辉是经典文学作品抒写的主旋律。灾难帮助人类学会冷静思考、铭记历史,学会包容与团结,推动人类不断地进行反思,在反思中汲取丰富的人文精神,从而促进社会进步,这是灾难带给人类最有价值的部分。
例18:①They helped one another climb the high hills around the city.
→But there were no fights and no pushing or shoving.Somehow this worst of disasters brought out the best in the survivors.
②Never in all of San Francisco's history were her people so kind as on this night of terror.
例19:As you can see,I did escape.I will bring my story quickly to a conclusion.
→As you can see,the reason why I'm here to tell the story is that I made the right decision.
例20:...the American soldiers entered the village and orderedall civiliansout of their homes.(them)
例21:We told him he wasn't the only one who was fed up with it.
主题是文学语篇的灵魂,是作者的写作目的之所在,也是作品的价值意义之所在。主题的深浅往往决定着作品价值的高低。新语篇一通过扩写,进一步充实作品的主题内容,歌颂了灾难中人们同舟共济、善良友爱与坚忍不拔的优秀品格(例18)。新语篇二通过改写,直接点明了作品的主题,强调主人公因保持镇定,通过观察做出正确决定,从而从漩涡中死里逃生,突出了灾难面前人类冷静沉稳,尊重自然规律的积极现实意义(例19)。新语篇三、四通过改写以及整体编排语篇,恢复关键句至原文,展现了惨烈的战争给士兵乃至无辜平民带来的心灵创伤(例20,例21)。
三、结语
新高中英语课程背景下,经典文学作品回应现实、映照时代,焕发出新的生命力。语篇的灾难题材超越了灾难本身,主题趋向多元,育人内涵更加丰富。从学生精神成长角度审视经典文学语篇的价值取向,有助于教师尊重新教材编者的本意,有效把握教学核心内容,推动学生在语言学习中形成正确的生命观、灾难观和道德观,成为有人文素养和社会责任感的人。