注意缺陷与多动障碍儿童执行功能障碍诊断与康复训练的最新进展
2022-07-18王鑫洋
王鑫洋
【摘要】 注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是儿童时期最常见的精神发育障碍之一,ADHD儿童的认知功能障碍与执行功能的障碍有关。本文使用执行功能(EF)、儿童和ADHD等关键词检索文章,综述ADHD的诊断方法和适合ADHD儿童高效训练方法。同时介绍治疗方法对应的新兴技术,包括联结游戏元素的虚拟现实诊断及技术(VR)、即时正向强化的神经反馈技术和融入日常生活的远程医疗技术在执行功能训练方式的应用。ADHD儿童通过新型训练模式可提高其执行功能,进而提升儿童在日常生活、学业成绩及社交中的表现。
【关键词】 注意缺陷与多动障碍儿童 虚拟现实技术 神经反馈技术 远程医疗
Recent Advances in Executive Dysfunction Diagnosis and Rehabilitation Training in Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder/WANG Xinyang. //Medical Innovation of China, 2022, 19(13): -175
[Abstract] Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental developmental disorders in childhood, and cognitive dysfunction in children with ADHD is associated with executive dysfunction. This paper retrieved articles using keywords like executive function (EF), children and ADHD to review the diagnostic methods and efficient training methods suitable for children with ADHD. At the same time, the emerging technologies corresponding to treatment methods are introduced, including virtual reality diagnosis and technology (VR) connecting game elements, immediate positive reinforcement of neurofeedback technology and telemedicine technology integrated into daily life in the application of executive functional training methods. Children with ADHD can improve their performance through new training models, thus refining children’s performance in self-care, academic achievement and social interaction.
[Key words] Children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder Virtual reality technology Neurofeedback technology Telemedicine
First-author’s address: Hong Kong University of Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2022.13.041
注意缺陷與多动障碍(attention deficit and hyperactive disorder,ADHD)是最常见的儿童精神发育障碍,约有6.26%的中国儿童及青少年患有此疾病[1]。儿童常伴有学习或控制方面局限的执行功能以及社交技能的广泛障碍[2]。如果不加以干预,症状将持续到成年并影响患者的自尊与社交、学业成绩和职业发展[3-4]。该障碍与发展缺陷有关,ADHD患者前额叶皮质的神经和功能发育不完备[5]。同时ADHD儿童表现出执行功能障碍,执行功能障碍的发生与前额叶皮质损害有相关性。执行功能(executive function,EF)是一种思维能力,有助于推理、计划、解决问题和管理人的生活,EF的发展与前额叶皮质的激活有关[6-7]。执行功能分为两大类:冷EF(cool EF)与认知有关,包含注意力和工作记忆等,以及热EF(hot EF),包含情绪和动机等[7]。根据Barkley[8]针对EF提出的模型,ADHD与行为抑制有关,抑制的障碍又会导致工作记忆、情感/动机/唤醒、语言内化和重构这四个神经心理功能缺陷,从而导致运动控制功能的损伤。
本文通过对近5年的文献进行分析,旨在介绍ADHD疾病以及执行功能的相关诊断技术,并介绍儿童教学技巧与对应的最新治疗技术,利用ADHD与执行功能障碍的相关性,提出一个新兴理念——针对执行功能提升训练的康复计划,从而借此提升ADHD儿童的康复水平,降低ADHD相关症状对儿童日常生活、学业与社交的影响,为今后ADHD儿童的康复研究提供一定参考。
1 ADHD儿童与执行功能障碍的诊断
目前针对ADHD常用的检查方法是神经电生理检查,如脑电图中θ/β波段活动的功率比[θ/β (EEG power) ratio (TBR)]作为ADHD的诊断标准[9];以及影像学检查中,利用自动化计算机辅助诊断技术来分析多模态特征,包括三维结构磁共振成像(MRI)和四维静息态功能磁共振成像(fMRI),可以帮助诊断ADHD[10]。ADHD与执行功能障碍密切相关,诊断ADHD配合以执行功能的评定作为辅助诊断工具,能提升ADHD诊断准确性[11]。为了评估ADHD儿童执行功能的损害程度,常用量表包括由家长或老师填写的儿童行为评定量表:第二版的执行功能行为评定量表(behavior rating inventory of executive function, second edition ,BRIEF 2)[12],也有针对儿童具体执行功能缺陷检测的测试,例如针对抑制能力的快节奏的go/no go task测验,测试工作记忆的digit span测验等[13],以及测试设置转移能力(set shifting)的威斯康辛卡片分类测试(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST)[14]。
相比于传统的基于行为的调查问卷或访谈的筛选ADHD模式,在虚拟现实环境中开展的筛查可以提供更现实和有趣的评估环境,同时也能够更准确地诊断儿童是否具有ADHD,并分析患有ADHD的儿童的执行功能(认知和注意力概况)[15-16]。由此可见,VR作为一种新型评估方式,优势在于诊断ADHD与评定EF能够同时进行,以提升效率。
2 ADHD儿童的高效训练与教学技巧
第一,结合游戏元素的训练方法。游戏元素的加入会增强ADHD儿童的训练动机,融入有游戏元素的干预(gamified interventions)训练改善了ADHD儿童的执行功能、学业成绩,且提升了儿童的自控力与训练参与度和积极性[17]。第二,建立针对儿童喜好的强化体系。即时给予儿童喜爱的强化物,并将训练过程中积累的奖励物品可视化,可以通过增强儿童的抑制能力来提高儿童参与活动的表现[18]。第三,早期干预和结合生活的训练模式。对于年幼的儿童来说,由于EF相关的神经回路处在发育中,尽早干预和融入日常生活中的训练方式能够提升锻炼效果,营造让儿童觉得安全或熟悉的环境,可促进儿童的参与[6]。
以上常用的训练技巧可以提升儿童的训练效率,让患病儿童更配合治疗过程。训练动机对于ADHD儿童训练效果至关重要。新技术(如VR等)的使用可以更好地增强儿童的训练动机[19]。为针对性的提高ADHD的执行功能,本文参考以上实操技巧,并结合目前新兴的虚拟现实技术,神经反馈技术以及远程医疗技术,总结了相对特异性的训练方式,可重点提升ADHD儿童的执行功能,进而减轻ADHD儿童的症状。
3 提升ADHD儿童执行功能的训练方式
3.1 虚拟现实技术(virtual reality,VR)——融入游戏元素的训练方式 虚拟现实技术是一种可以模拟想象或真实环境的计算机技术。在治疗方面,虚拟现实技术通过提供虚拟的学习环境,构建以反馈为中心的基于触觉的交互,来改善ADHD儿童行为和认知技能[20]。VR可以改善儿童的执行功能和双任务处理能力[21]。相似的研究表明,基于VR的干预在如持续注意力等注意力层面和冲动抑制能力方面有良好的效果[22]。原因在于VR中的视觉刺激可以有效吸引ADHD儿童的注意力[20],同时也可能是VR结合游戏元素所设计出的趣味运动可以促进多巴胺的分泌,并辅助提升儿童的冲动抑制能力[22]。
3.2 神经反馈(neurofeedback,NF)——给予即時正向强化的训练方式 神经反馈是一种基于脑机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)的大脑活动转换为实时信号并反馈给患者的技术,朝着预期方向做出的改变会得到奖励,也就是正面的强化,机制是通过反馈让参与者学习自我调节大脑活动并改变认知和行为[23]。相比于NF技术用于诊断ADHD的高使用频率,该技术在训练中则较为少见,对比传统的训练模式,NF技术有可以在训练的时候结合评估训练效果的优势,此外,开展的θ/β训练、NF对于ADHD儿童的皮质激活和执行功能有改善作用[24],NF治疗在执行功能训练方面比认知训练以及单纯借助计算机的注意力技能训练有更好的疗效,是一个有发展潜力的训练方法[25]。
3.3 远程医疗技术(telehealth)——融入日常生活的训练方式 科技的进步,为远程医疗保健提供了坚实的基础。教练通过简短的每周视频会议(例如Zoom Cloud Meetings)为学生提供合理的时间规划并为学生参与日常目标导向的行为提供帮助,辅助学生形成健康的生活方式并调节情绪。教练的角色可以由远程的儿童精神病学家和治疗师担任。每日清单作为方便查看的监督机制保存在“云存储”中,同时专业人士会与家长沟通指定合适的增强物来激励学生参与,家长也会时常参与会议以促进家庭成员之间的沟通。远程医疗能够提升儿童的心理健康[26]。因为远程干预技术有利于儿童在熟悉且生活化的场景中训练,所以能够促进所学技能的泛化[27]。
综上所述,通过对国内外相关先进研究的学习,本文从适合ADHD儿童的训练技巧及环境出发,总结了主要针对冷EF的VR和NF以及针对热EF的telehealth这三种新潮的诊断或治疗方法,通过提升执行功能来减少ADHD相关症状,希望未来这些理论可以为提升ADHD儿童的治疗方案做出铺垫,为今后ADHD儿童的康复研究提供一定参考。
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(收稿日期:2021-10-28) (本文編辑:张明澜)