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电极移动速度对电容短路火花放电特性的影响

2022-05-30宋璐雯刘树林

宋璐雯 刘树林

摘要:研究電极移动速度对低压火花放电特性的影响是揭示本质安全型电容短路火花放电机理的关键方法,对推广本安型电气设备在煤矿、化工等危险性环境下的应用具有重要意义。以IEC安全火花试验装置的移动电极为研究对象。基于Fowler-Nordheim理论,推导分析电极移动速度对微间隙场致发射电场强度及电流密度的影响变化,并通过电极不同移动速度下的火花试验进行验证。根据一次放电火花电压变化特性,建立放电电压指数模型,推导火花功率与初始电压、放电电阻、放电时间的函数关系。考虑在定参量条件下,放电时间是关于电极移动速度的函数,通过所建模型分析获得电极移动速度对火花功率的影响规律。结果表明:随着电极移动速度增加,极间场强、放电电流、火花功率增大,放电时间减小,且移动速度越快在越短的时间内越易达到较高功率。此外,由火花功率对时间的积分推导出火花能量的表达式,进而得到火花能量极值,为进一步研究火花放电对引燃能力的影响提供理论参考。

关键词:移动速度;电容短路;火花放电;场致发射;放电模型;火花功率

中图分类号:TN 136文献标志码:A

文章编号:1672-9315(2022)04-0826-07

DOI:10.13800/j.cnki.xakjdxxb.2022.0423

Effect of electrode  moving speed on the spark discharge

characteristics of capacitor short circuitSONG Luwen,LIU Shulin

(College of Electrical and Control Engineering,Xian University of Science and Technology,Xian 710054,China)

Abstract:To explore the effects of electrode moving speed on the characteristics of low-voltage spark discharge is a key method to reveal the mechanism of spark discharge of intrinsically safe capacitive short-circuit,which is of great significance to promote the application of intrinsically safe electrical equipment in hazardous environments such as coal mines and chemicals.In this paper,the moving electrode of IEC safety spark apparatus is used as a research object.Based on the Fowler-Nordheim theory,the influence of the electrode moving speed on the electric field and current density of the micro-gap field emission is examined by spark test under different moving speeds.According to the discharge voltage characteristics of the first spark,the discharge voltage index model is established to derive the spark power as a function of the initial voltage,discharge resistance and discharge time.Considering that the discharge time is a function of the electrode moving speed under the condition of constant parameters,the effect of the moving speed on the spark power is analyzed by the proposed model.The results show that the electric field,discharge current,spark power increase and the discharge time decreases as the electrode moving speed increases,and the faster the moving speed is,the easier it is to reach the higher power in a comparatively shorter time.In addition,the expression of spark energy is derived from the integration of spark power over time,and then the extreme value of spark energy is obtained,which can provide a theoretical reference for the further research of the effect of spark discharge on ignition capacity.

Key words:moving speed;capacitor short circuit;spark discharge;field emission;discharge model;spark power

0引言

应用在煤矿、化工等危险性环境下的电气设备必须具有防爆性能。国际电工委员会规定采用IEC 60079-11:2006标准的安全火花试验装置验证电路是否为本质安全型的电气设备[1-2]。而随着微控制器、传感器的发展,低压设备在危险环境下的防爆性受到了格外关注[3-4]。根据爆炸性混合气体的临界点燃电压和电流曲线[5],通过试验发现低压电路发生火花放电并能够引燃爆炸性气体混合物[6-7],这与传统的高压火花放电及引燃机理不同。为探究基于IEC安全火花试验装置的低压火花放电及引燃机理,需迫切研究电极移动速度、电气参量等不同因素对火花放电特性的影响。

为此,国内外学者展开许多研究。钟久明等通过分析不同气氛条件下的火花放电特性[8]揭示容性电路的火花放电是以场致发射为主导的,且在此基础上研究微间隙强场的形成与场增强因子有关,并推出金属表面微凸起引起的场增强因子解析表达式[9]。UBER等研究发现IEC的两旋转电极在经过不同次数的火花放电后阴极表面形貌发生改变,形成更多的微凸起,且火花放电时间会更长[10]。由此可见,移动电极的放电过程是非常复杂的,移动电极在火花试验过程中受到磨损与烧蚀,从而改变电极触点形貌,使得各次的火花放电不同。电极间隙距离、材料、形状、接触方式和运动速度均会不同程度影响放电特性[11-14]。而火花的引燃能力与火花放电特性又密切相关。在引燃分析中,火花需要一定的功率和能量才能引燃爆炸性气体混合物[15]。那么分析计算不同条件下的电参量与火花功率和火花能量的函数关系,是揭示低压火花放电及引燃机理的关键方法之一。

由于容性电路火花放电时存在残余能量和电路损耗,所以可通过积分算法得到火花放电的有效点火能量[16]。在针对IEC低压火花放电点火研究时,通过建立指数函数放电模型[17],并结合积分算法得到火花能量的表达式。但是该模型的建模分析仅体现移动电极一次完全放电的特性。

因此,文中以IEC安全火花试验装置的移动电极为研究对象,基于Fowler-Nordheim理论,推导分析电极移动速度对微间隙场致发射电场强度及电流密度的影响变化,并通过电极不同移动速度下的火花试验进行验证;依据火花放电电压特性,建立放电数学模型,推导分析电极移动速度对火花功率的影响规律,以及火花放电的能量极值。

1移動速度对场致发射的影响

在强场作用下金属势垒高度变低,宽度变窄,依据隧道效应,电子克服金属束缚从表面逸出,于是产生场致电子发射。

3实验验证及分析

为分析火花功率与电极移动速度的关系并验证所建模型的正确性,文中通过调节IEC安全火花试验装置的电极轴转速,以测试移动电极在速度为0.21,0.25,0.28 μm/μs,电压18 V,电容22 μf,电阻0.26 Ω条件下的火花功率大小。通过示波器(型号为RIGOL DS4024)可以测得移动电极火花电压、电流曲线,即可得到火花试验条件下的火花功率大小。把电极的不同移动速度代入式(8),即得到对应的火花放电时间,将该值代入式(15),即得到不同移动速度下火花功率的模型计算值。

通过对比发现模型计算功率反应火花试验功率的变化趋势。从图6可以看出:随着电极移动速度增加,火花放电的瞬时功率增大。且电极移动速度越快,在越短的时间内越易达到较高功率。这一方面是由于单位时间内场致发射电流密度增大,所引起的放电电流增大,从而使得放电功率增大。另一方面是因为随着电极移动速度加快,根据Bernoulli方程和流体的连续性方程分析可知放电间隙内的压强会减小[24-26],即导致间隙内粒子的平均自由程增大,粒子经过少量的碰撞就可到达阳极,所以火花电流的上升速率加快,这也会引起单位时间内火花功率增大。

该能量会引发放电间隙温度场变化,改变电极间隙的放电情况,增加放电粒子能量。带电粒子与爆炸性气体相互作用会产生自由基等活性物质,从而加速爆炸性气体的化学反应过程。这可为下一步分析火花引燃过程提供参考。

4结论

1)随着电极移动速度增加,单位时间内电场强度增大,电流密度增大,从而一次放电的火花电流增大。

2)在定电参量条件下,一次放电时间随电极移动速度增加而减小。

3)随着电极移动速度增加,火花功率增大,且在越短的时间内越易达到较高功率。火花能量与放电时间是非线性的关系,且存在火花能量极值。

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