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谈谈作文中常见的三种语法错误及改正方法

2022-05-30申凤香

语数外学习·高中版中旬 2022年7期
关键词:语态被动语态省略

申凤香

在批改高中生写的英语作文时,笔者常发现高中生会犯一些相同类型的错误。如果高中生在写作时能够避免这些常见的典型错误,就会有效提升他们的英语写作水平。

典型错误一:词性使用错误

一些学生在写作时,由于没有掌握单词的词性,而错误使用了单词。比如,把名词用作动词,把介词用作动词,把形容词用作副词等。

【错误】Experts who strongly against the view be- lieve that those people will lose their health if they work overtime for a long time every day.

【正确】Experts who are strongly against the view believe that those people will lose their health if they work overtime for a long time every day.

解析:本句中考生误把介词 against 当成了动词来用。against 为介词,意为“反对、碰、违反”等。句子的主语是 Experts 为复数形式,再结合本句中所使用的时态可知,应在 against前面加 be动词are。

【错误】Shops in some countries are opened from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays and close on rest days.

【正确】Shops in some countries are open from 9 a. m. to 5 p.m. on weekdays and closed on rest days.

解析:open作为形容词,意为“开放的”,表示一种状态;而 close 作为形容词,有“亲密的”等意思,没有“关着的”意思,但作为动词,有“关、关闭”的意思。故把 opened 改为 open;把 close 改为closed。

典型错误二:时态语态错误

有些考生在写作时会错用时态,比如应该用一般过去时,而错用了一般现在时。有些考生在写作时应该用主动语态而错用了被动语态,或者应该用被动语态而错用了主动语态。

【错误】Jack was very sad to hear that his parents will not come back from Canada.

【正确1】Jack is very sad to hear that his parents will not come back from Canada.

【正确2】Jack was very sad to hear that his parents would not come back from Canada.

解析:分析句子结构可知,主从句的时态不一致。当主句的时态用的是一般过去时时,那么从句的时态一般也应用过去时态,故可把 will 改为 would;也可把主句的时态改为一般现在时,从而与从句的时态相呼应,故可把 was 改为is。

Jacqueline's  father gave  some  life  advice to her and her brother.(变为被动语态)

【错误】Her and her brother was given some life ad- vice to by Jacqueline's father .

【正确】Some life advice was given to her and her brother by Jacqueline's father.

解析:错误的句子错选了宾语,her and her brother 是介词 to 的宾语,在被动语态中不能作主语,而是应把紧紧跟在谓语动词 gave后的宾语(some life advice) 置于句首作句子的主语。

典型错误三:句法错误

一些考生在写作时,常出现这样的句法错误,比如,句子成分错误;关联词应用不恰当,比如 because 和 so不可以同时出现在句子中;省略应用不当,比如省略句子成分时,少省略或者多省略了句子成分。

【错误】Fixed time to start playing football is from Monday to Friday at 9 o 'clock am.

【正确】Fixed  time  to  start  playing  football  is 9 o 'clock am from Monday to Friday.

解析:本句中的表语是9 o'clock am,应跟在 be动词 is之后,而不是在表语的前面加介词 at,作为时间状语放到句子的最后。

汉译英:并非所有的学生都喜欢做好事。

【错误】None of students like to do good deeds.【正确】Not all students like to do good deeds.

解析:错误的句子表全部否定,其意为“所有的学生都不喜欢做好事。”正確的句子表示部分否定,也可译为“不是所有的学生都喜欢做好事。”

以上仅列举了部分典型错误。学生的水平不同,所犯的错误也是千差万别,在写作教学中教师应根据学生的实际错误,采取针对性的措施,以有效提升学生的写作水平。

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