Methods for the use of the best Russian innovations in forest f ire detection and suppression

Alexander A. Martynyuk · Vera A. Savchenkova ·Nikolay A. Korshunov · Roman V. Kotelnikov

Abstract This paper addresses the f inal stage of the study concerning the practical use of the best Russian methods,technologies and means for detecting and extinguishing forest f ires in Russia. In general, the work is aimed at increasing the ef fectiveness of the forest f ire protection system by improving the methodological and technical support for the use of the best new innovations. In the course of the study,analytical methods have been applied, tested and used in silviculture, while developing and improving the regulatory legal and methodological frameworks. Based on the selection of research directions in the preliminary stages of work, analysis of the current state, use, and the development forecast of the most ef fective and promising technologies was carried out. In addition, for detecting, controlling and extinguishing forest f ires, including a comparative analysis of their economic ef ficiency, methods for practical use of the best Russian innovations was developed. A signif icant number of new developments have accumulated which, for a number of reasons, have not been implemented. Taking into account the current state and dynamics of these promising methods, technologies, means of detecting and extinguishing forest f ires, this study substantiates the development forecast of these promising innovations and their content. Its structure includes general provisions, concepts and terminology,regulatory support, the procedure for assessing the feasibility and ef fectiveness of the innovations, as well as a list of recommended documents for studying the use of technology for detecting, controlling and extinguishing forest f ires.These methods will help meet modern requirements for the protection of forests from wildf ires, and present an algorithm for their implementation in practice.

Keywords Forest protection · Fire suppression ·Wildf ire · Ef ficacy

Introduction

Forest f ires, in the context of escalating climate changes,will remain a key factor in the undesirable dynamics of spatial, species, taxation and sanitary characteristics of Russian forests. The emergence of more intense f ire regimes is expected, accompanied by an increased frequency of f ires,the possibility of catastrophic f ires, and an increase in areas burnt. An increase in the number and area subject to f ire will require more frequent introduction of measures to address such situations.

In this regard, forest f ire protection is becoming a fundamental part of the strategy for the future transition to adaptive-oriented forestry aimed at reducing forest destruction,preventing deterioration of forest lands as well as reducing carbon dioxide emissions. According to Shvidenko and Shchepaschenko ( 2013), this will require the development of a new doctrine of forest f ire protection based on a systematic analysis of current and future regional f ire regimes and requirements for a rational system in a changing climate.The division of the territory of the forest und into f ire zones should be clarif ied and the regulatory legal support for the practical use of new technological developments strengthened in order to adapt the national forest protection system to climate change. At the same time, it is necessary to consider changes in f ire conditions in dif ferent areas, the transformation of forest lands and changes in forest conditions (Goldammer et al. 2013; Peterson 2014).

The forecasted increase in forest f ires for the twenty-f irst century cannot be readily determined, given the present state of forest monitoring and patrolling (Report to the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation 2013). In this regard, it is important to further develop the network of ground observation points, including video monitoring(Artsybashev et al. 2009), and increase the number of f light hours during monitoring and frequency of forest air traff ic control. Reports by specialists show that, with the current level of funding, adjusting the number of aircraft and the multiplicity of patrols in accordance with standards is impossible, without switching to operating modern aircraft with low f light hour costs, including unmanned aerial vehicles (Gusev 2005; Artsybashev and Gusev 2012). It would be justif ied to develop, as part of a state program for the development of small aircraft, a new multi-purpose aircraft of Russian production for the needs of forestry (Report to the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation 2013).

Along with aviation equipment, aerospace methods of forest f ire monitoring using new generation Russian satellites will f ind wider application. Currently, the information system of remote monitoring of the Federal Forestry Agency(ISDM-Rosleskhoz) operating on the territory of the Russian Federation, includes the detection of thermal anomalies helping to carry out a rapid assessment of forest f ire situation(Kotelnikov 2007). This system is the only source of information on the occurrence of forest f ires for approximately 50% of the protected area. The modernization of ISDMRosleskhoz, using the capabilities of the special Russian satellites (Kanopus-V series) created at ‘VNIIEM Corporation’JC, will improve the reliability of data from forest f ire space monitoring and improve quality of operational management.

Considering a likelihood of massive f ires in the forests due to changing climatic conditions, new developments in the f ield of lightning direction-f inding and aircraft-detecting equipment will be developed, providing more accurate tracking of the intensity and coordinates of lightning discharges,and detecting hidden f ires around the perimeter of the current f ire zone (Orlov and Artsybashev 1970; Belaya 1998).

One of the most important issues of an adaptive-oriented forestry strategy is technological re-equiping forest f ire suppression.

Further progress is expected in the development of f ire suppression components (wetting agents, foam agents) that improve wetting of the burning surface and penetrate into forest combustible materials. Moreover, one of the most ef fective solutions is long-acting chemicals (type OS-5)(Artsybashev 1989), chemicals that have simultaneous wetting and foaming properties, including non-combustible,fast-hardening foams1Forest f iref ighters returned the right to cause rain and use explosives, 2016 https://www.bnkom i.ru/data/news/52543/.(Gusev 2005).

Since a signif icant amount of work extinguishing forest f ires is carried out manually, there is a high relevance for modernization of small f ire-f ighting equipment, in particular,portable f ire extinguishers based on automatic extinguishing f luid supply to the f ire edge, small-sized motor pumps,equipment for extinguishing foam and metered spraying of suppressants and possibly robotic f ire-f ighting devices that replace manual labor (Gusev and Korchunova 1998; Artsybashev et al. 2009).

Further technologies should developed for aerial f iref ighting using tanker airplanes and helicopters with drainage equipment (Gusev 2005; Artsybashev and Gusev 2012).To extinguish large f ires cover extensive forested areas for a long period, the improvement and use of previously developed precipitation induction could be highly ef fective. Its use in the most f ire hazardous regions of Eastern Siberia(Irkutsk Region, Trans-Baikal Territory, Republic of Buryatia), on behalf of the Federal Headquarters for coordinating activities to extinguish forest f ires, has been highly ef ficient.Induced medium to heavy precipitation has helped to extinguish large f ires, both on lands of the forest fund and on lands of specially protected natural territories, preventing the expansion of f ire from the forest fund to settlements and signif icantly reducing f ire danger on the adjacent territories.

In the last century, in order to construct barriers and control lines, technology using explosives by parachutists became widespread. Technology has been developed for the use of explosives for laying f ire breaks from the air (Artsybashev 1989; Artsybashev and Gusev 2012). According to the Federal Forestry Agency, the use of explosive materials for localizing and extinguishing forest f ires has proven feasible.In 2017, using the DSHN-80 detonating cord to lay mineralized lines in the hard-to-reach areas of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Irkutsk Region and the Republic of Buryatia, eight large forest f ires were contained and eventually eliminated.Such technology gives considerable ef ficiency in mountainous and rugged terrain where the use of bulldozers, tractors and all-terrain vehicles is impossible.

Organizationally, considering priority f ire threats escalated due to climate change, the main focus of forest protection should be in Siberia and the Far East. Today, to promptly take measures to suppress forest f ires in these regions, the Interregional Center of the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts FBU Avialesokhrana has been established with its headquarters in Krasnoyarsk. Currently, a structural unit of the PDPS FBU Avialesokhrana has been formed to carry out explosive works and induce artif icial precipitation as well as participate in interregional management of forest f ire operations formations, f ire equipment and technics in Yakutsk.In the near future, it is planned to create a similar unit in Khabarovsk. To develop new technologies for extinguishing forest f ires and post-f ire forest rehabilitation in Krasnoyarsk,a branch of the Scientif ic Research Center for Forest Pyrology has been created.

Intensif ication and frequency of forest f ires will require strengthening of the technical equipment of ground and aviation services for forest protection. This has shown its ef fectiveness. In the framework of the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation in 2011–2012, 8.5 billion rubles were provided from the Federal budget for the purchase of specialized forest f ire equipment for 147 f irechemical stations of the third type.2The three types of f ire-chemical stations were established in Russia.Type 3 is the largest station with a large number of machinery, equipment and people that serve large areas of forests and a big number of f ires that have occurred simultaneously. The types are approved by order No. 167, dated 19.12.1997, Regulations on Fire-chemical stations.As a result of the technical renewal of the terrestrial forest f ire services, f ire suppression during the f irst day in the ground protection zone increased from 47 to 53% (Report to the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation 2013).

In forecast conditions of climate change, the role of interdepartmental and interregional coordination of various services and organizations in protecting forests from f ires will signif icantly increase. Its value will increase further if the model of decentralization of forest management introduced by current forest legislation is maintained in the future, in which the dominant responsibilities in forestry, including forest protection, has been transferred from the federal level to the level of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation. Some elements of the future coordination system are already visible: the use of external management practices for coordinating action to prevent emergency situations and/or extinguishing forest f ires, organizing interregional managing of forest f ire teams, creating a federal reserve of forces and means for managing, and providing a reserve fund to f inance f ire suppression and emergency response.

The introduction of Russian methods and technologies,and the means of detecting and suppressing forest f ires must be accompanied by signif icant investment and should be based on a comprehensive assessment of their unique features and requirements (Bryukhanov 2011). In order to choose the best solution that fully meets modern requirements for forest f ire protection, it is necessary to conduct a preliminary assessment of the introduced innovation in order to meet the criteria developed during this study: practicality;undeniable ef fectiveness; readiness for mass implementation; the presence of regulatory parameters; and, positive ef fect of the innovation.

At the same time, risks must be considered: improbable ef fectiveness; production process dissonance; regulatory barriers; high costs for the consumer; and, no guarantee of safe use.

The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology with step by step instructions to introduce the new equipment, methods and/or technologies for detecting, controlling and extinguishing forest f ires. Using these methods, it becomes possible to minimize errors when introducing new innovations.

Prospective technical and technological solutions that met the criteria of novelty, ef ficacy and applicability were selected by experts. Taking into account the selected innovations, a forecast for further development was made and a method for their realization was developed. Analytical methods were applied in the course of the study and tested in the development of the legal and methodological frameworks.

The methodology presented in this study was developed based on the initial data from the technical assignment for the implementation of research work, and includes general provisions, concepts and terminology, regulatory support,the procedure for evaluating the introduction of a new innovation, and a list of recommended documents for decision on use of the innovations.

We made an assessment of devices for the timely detection of peat smoldering sites and instrumental quality control for extinguishing peat f ires, as well as light forest f ire complexes. Assessment was also made for land-based forest f ire detection systems, a network of departmental meteorological stations, automated forest f ire protection management systems, and water retention technologies for reclamation networks. All these technologies create conditions that ensure ef fective extinguishing of peat f ires as well as help to reduce f ire hazard of the innings (drained swamp) (Andreev and Bryukhanov 2011 2011; Korshunov 2011, 2012; Bobrinsky et al. 2017; Korshunov et al. 2017). During the analytical review of the current state and use of the most ef ficient technologies and means of detecting forest f ires, we observed an unmanned aircraft system of the “Multikopter” type (Artsybashev 1986; Kopylov et al. 2016). The system was successfully tested in Moscow, Vladimir, Astrakhan, the Bryansk regions, the Republic of Buryatia and Primorsky Krai.3A short video explaining the techniques for ditch blocking on peatland, 2015 https://www.youtu be.com/watch?v=Gmoji 9SYhe E&list=PLSTn 6yg6z H__XM-Mw7fK NoGsV Yo31B 5VH&index=9.,4Greenpeace Russia gave recommendations on extinguishing peat f ires in Buryatia, 2017 https://www.baika l-daily.ru/news/20/27601 8/.

When experts of forest f ire organizations (Altai, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, and Amur Oblast) were independently creating targeted information products for their own needs based on available commercial solutions, the study revealed a number of important facts. Taking into account the current state and dynamics of promising innovations in the shortterm, the strongest vectors of the development of technical and technological solutions are expected in the following seven directions that represent a unif ied system for combating forest f ires.

Creation of decision support systems for management personnel

At the initial stage of this process, the stakeholders will be both individual employees of commercial companies and of public organizations. The creation of these systems will f irst be characterized by randomness. Direction will be implemented on the basis of existing publicly available low-cost commercial products and equipment. The process of the emergence of software products and successful practices will go in parallel and independently. With the emergence of a signif icant number of successful examples, the question of synthesizing experience, choosing the best solutions, and subsequently creating targeted industrial unif ied systems at the regional or federal level will become relevant.

Development and implementation of automated systems

Development of automated control systems for f ire equipment and suppression forces, f irst at the tactical level for forest f ire formations is the most promising direction capable of producing a synergistic ef fect from the use of the existing means, methods, and technologies. Successful implementation of a unif ied automated control system (ACS) at regional and federal levels will provide tools for solving many sectoral problems: ef fectively extinguishing large forest f ires,reducing resource and material damage from f ires, providing accurate data on f ire rate of spread and its suppression,the objective documentation of f ires, damage, and activities undertaken, and the development of methods for predicting f ire spread. International and local experience in this area shows that the divisions, where management procedures are built using automated control systems, operate two to three times more ef ficiently. Interest in the development in this direction will be pushed by success in the creation of decision-making and data integrating systems, assembling information into one information space.

Information data integration

The integration of information data from various sources into a single information f ield will occur at the initiative of large companies, developers of specialized equipment,software products, and communication tools. The motivation for this will be the expansion of product capabilities and an increase in commercial attractiveness. In this direction,it is advisable for federal agencies that form a sectoral forest protection policy to participate as closely as possible in such projects, since departmental information systems and resources are most attractive for creating a single information f ield. A mutually benef icial public–private partnership is possible.

Various technical and technological solutions in this group are closely interrelated when development in one results in growth and success in another. Of course, the implementation of these areas is provided by rapid technological revolution in the development of computing tools and communication. This process will accelerate and the project implementation costs will steadily decline.

For example, the forest f ire services of the United States and Canada use free software products like the California Wildf ires Tablet Command (California Wildf iresMap 2019), FIRMS,5Fire information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), 2018 https://f irms.modap s.eosdi s.nasa.gov/ Accessed 11 December 2018.FIRE WEATHER AVALANCHE (Akay et al. 2017; Hua and Shao 2017; Active Fire Mapping Program 2017; Sakellariou et al. 2017; GoTele 2018),6International Forest Fire, 2018 https://Newsc ontex t.rever so.net/пepeвoд/aнглийcкий.../the+Inter natio nal+Fores t+Fire+News.and products that simulate a f ire situation, such as Fire Incident Map (Active Fire Mapping Program 2017). Currently, publicly available resources display information on f ires in 3D(showing in detail the relief), as well as display the situation in real time. For example, the California Wildf ires Tablet Command updates information on numerous parameters every 10–15 min (California Wildf ires Map 2019). This is achieved, because along with data coming from NASA and NOAA satellites, the information is supplemented by aerial and ground specialized services as well as by information from citizens.

Introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles

The introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles at the tactical level is one of the main sources of information. This will require a wide range of devices. Factors that will push the development process: a reduction in purchasing and operating costs of drones and the reducing of legal barriers(Project of the National Technology Initiative 2016).

For example, the Bureau of Land Management, being part of the US Department of the Interior, extinguishes f ires on its lands and disperses 77 light quadcopters (mainly produced by 3D Roboticks). This federal structure trained 60 specialists to work with these UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) for mapping forest f ire situations (Korshunov 2015;GoTele 2018; International Forest Fire 2018).large pickup trucks (Land Cruiser 70, Land Rover Defender,up to 30–50% of the f ire truck team). Italy, Greece, Spain,Portugal also use large pickups (e.g., Nissan Navara) and small, all-wheel drive trucks with a carrying capacity up to two tons (often based on Iveco and Mercedes), with equipment designed exclusively for extinguishing wildf ires. In Russia today, such decisions continue to emerge on the initiative of individual units, which is not prescribed in the relevant regulatory documents and not supported by a suitable material base (Efremov et al. 2012).

Communication network

Gradual coverage of the communication network (towers of mobile operators) with video surveillance systems and installation of auxiliary equipment for f ire, weather stations,and sensors, combined with the automation of detection processes and information transfer. Today, video systems are installed at the expense of the forest f ire organizations. For the future, it is expected that the process of moving from systems purchasing to purchasing specialized services from independent system operators. This will gradually reduce the costs of specialized services and, accordingly, reduce the costs to forest f ire organizations and to forestry companies.

With an organizational and regulatory support, all territories of Russia responsible for forest f ire protection, as well as some f ire hazardous areas related to aviation protection, can be covered with optical location systems in seven years. The total number of monitoring points may reach 7000–10,000 pcs compared to the present 600 ones. At the same time,sharing classic video surveillance systems will decrease and the complexity and ef ficiency of optical location systems will increase.

Development and formation of new classes of specialized f ire equipment adapted to modern tactical and technological solutions based on low-cost, mostly lightweight commercial equipment

One of the initial factors is the desire of regional forest f ire organizations to optimize operating costs. Optimal conf iguration of f ire extinguishing equipment in combination with modern tactical methods provides high extinguishing ef ficiency using low-cost solutions. Changing security standards of [forest f ire organization] removes one of the barriers hindering the development process, stimulating the interest of manufacturers who are ready to of fer the best product.

For example, light forest f ire machines are widely used and have proven their ef fectiveness worldwide. Forest f ire operations in Australia, South Africa, and the USA (Bryukhanov 2011) are equipped with light f ire engines mounted on

Development and improvement of methods for extinguishing forest f ires

This is largely due to the gradual disappearance of obstacles,especially high costs, to the introduction of previously developed technologies and technical procedures. The development of technology gradually reduces costs and, as a result,excessive f inancial barriers disappear. For example: (1)the development of survey methods (space technology for remote sensing, unmanned aircraft) will lead to an increase in available data for applying water retention technologies in reclamation networks and reduce the cost for obtaining these data; (2) the development of construction technologies (new materials for sheet-piling dams and waterproof ing dams,new means of mechanization such as mini-excavators and bulldozers) will reduce the time and costs for erecting dams;(3) Intensive improvement of technical procedures is accompanied by a decrease in their cost. Thus, the price of thermal imagers over the past few years has decreased tenfold, and was accelerated by the release of new models and technological solutions to combine devices with smartphones.

In fact, investments in the development of new working methodologies, as well as the introduction of modern procedures, suggest achieving a greater positive ef fect on protecting forests from f ires, in contrast to investments in improving existing extinguishing equipment. For the success of this stage of development, important points should be followed:the description of the promising methods, the legitimization of their application, and bringing them to workers through training. In this regard, it is advisable at the federal level to promote interest among regional organizations.

In the next 3–5 years, progress is expected in the f ield of individual mechanization of a forest f ireman: the use of exoskeletons (a support device, put on the top of a f iref ighter’s special clothing, like an external skeleton), motorized backpack f ire extinguishers, and individual electrif ication of an employee. Until recently, the main obstacles were technical and most have been overcome. As the market becomes saturated with proposals of developers, new successful practices will appear with obvious ef ficiencies. This will give a rapid growth in the development of new methods for extinguishing f ires and for organizing the work of f ire-f ighting groups.

To justify the selection of the best solution, a technique has been developed for the practical use of the best Russian methods and technologies, as well as for detecting and extinguishing forest f ires in the Russian Federation. It describes the sequence of actions for a legal or private person requesting the executive authority to introduce a new methodology,technology and/or means of detecting and extinguishing forest f ires, (hereinafter the Initiator), and to apply these innovations in the f ield of forest f ire protection, which requires a specif ic order.

Description of the idea and means for its implementation and tasks the innovation is intended

The Initiator over a period of time prepares, coordinates and submits documents to the appropriate person, justifying the feasibility for introducing new developments. These documents describe the goals and objectives of a proposed solution.

The place and role of innovation in the production process

The Initiator indicates the place to be occupied by the innovation in the forest f ire protection system, and what impact or signif icant role it may have on the course of the production process. The Initiator describes the problems to be solved or reduced to a minimum with the help of the innovation,and indicates possible qualitative and quantitative changes that may occur as a result of the innovation implementation,based on the results of previous projects and activities.

Risk assessment of the problem solution by the proposed method and the risks of negative consequences

The Initiator describes the negative ef fects that may occur when using an existing method, technology or means of detecting and extinguishing forest f ires. The description of the negative ef fect should contain information about specif ic events with an indication of the place, time, cause of occurrence, and consequences. The Initiator must provide a plan for anti-risk measures (explanatory note on risk management), taking into account the experience of a similar implementation process respecting the interests of all parties, planning reserves, user certif ication results, attracting independent experts, and providing insurance. All types of risks should be analyzed in this section.

Evaluation of economic characteristics in the implementation of the innovations

The Initiator calculates the total expenses necessary to achieve the stated goals, representing the results of implementation in the form of indicators before and after the implementation.

Evaluation of the organization and the innovation implementation processes, including the performance of the innovation

The Initiator describes the implementation by the following:(1) Description of the tool, technology or method development; (2) Experimental conf irmation of the means or technology technical characteristics; (3) Description of the technology development algorithm; (4) Evaluation of the expected and/or resulting production and tactical characteristics of the innovation; (5) Description of measures for the implementation of innovations in the production process.The results of this assessment should indicate the guaranteed provision of tasks for the timely detection, management and suppression of forest f ires in a specif ic timeframe which will minimize damages. In this regard, the Initiator must provide an assessment of the performance and organization processes, comparing the current and proposed management cycles. The Initiator should provide the advantages and disadvantages of both options. The assessment should be carried out in the following order:

For a method, technology or implementation in managing f ire extinguishing forcesThe following parameters should be compared, which characterize the completeness and timeliness of decision-making, and the current management process with the one being implemented: (1) the speed of the entire production process(v ц ); (2) the speed of the stages of the production process(vэ); (3) the degree of negative ef fects (Wнп).

The higher the speed of the production process and its stages, and the lower the negative consequences, the higher the ef ficiency of process control.

Parameters must be calculated for the following conditions: (1) Under the action of one forest f ire; (2) With the simultaneous action of two or more forest f ires. The initiator provides an explanation for the improvement of these parameters.

For a method, technology or facility in the f ield of f ire detectionIt is necessary to compare the parameters of the current detection process, characterizing the performance of technical methods for the most rapid detection of forest f ires,the transfer of relevant information and the immediate use of f ire extinguishing forces and means, with the parameters proposed for implementation:

For a method, technology or means in f ire suppression

Evaluation of the performance and organization of the forest f ire suppression team should be carried out using two indicators: the rate of extinguishing and the cost of extinguishing.The indicator “the rate of extinguishing” is characterized by the speed of the action and/or cycle and the volume of activities that contribute to the localization and liquidation of a forest f ire. The indicator “the cost of extinguishing” is characterized the cost of the action and the cost of the cycle.

It should be noted that the assessment of the performance and organization of the suppression would be more preferable if: (1) A greater volume of activities will be carried out to facilitate localization and liquidation of a forest f ire per unit of time; (2) Costs will be lower per unit of time.

Integration into the legal f ield. Regulatory support for the use of innovations

The Initiator provides an explanatory note indicating the regulatory support for the use of the introduced method,technology or means for extinguishing forest f ires. Along with reference to the relevant regulatory legal acts, the order of the following parameters should be indicated: registration,launch, insurance, accounting, and operation.

Economic ef ficiency of the project

Economic ef ficiency of the project is the description of the successful implementation results of the method, technology or means of detecting and extinguishing forest f ires. The expected positive ef fect from the implementation.

Safety assessment in the implementation of innovations

In terms of ensuring safety and protecting the health of people, an explanatory note on the safety of the implementation of the innovation should be provided. The following points should be ref lected in the explanatory note: (1) Safety for the employee, labor protection of employees when implementing innovations; (2) Safety for the employer when implementing innovations; and, (3) Safety for citizens who may be in the area of the innovation implementation.

In terms of sanitary safety, the Initiator should identify potential hazards and evaluate them at all stages of the production process, and should identify critical control points during the process to eliminate the danger or the possibility of its occurrence.

In terms of environmental protection, in the explanatory note, the Initiator ref lects the environmental requirements for implementation and operation which must meet the requirements of both federal and regional regulatory legal acts.

Environmental impact assessment is carried out in the development of all alternative pre-project, pre-investment,and project documentation, justifying the introduction of innovations. The main task of environmental assessment is to determine the completeness and suf ficiency of measures to ensure the required level of environmental safety of new products (technologies, methods) during its development.

Considering a new development requires the formulation of documents justifying its feasibility. The Initiator’s application must contain information about the situation which may create a negative ef fect.The application should contain a list of events common for the introduction of a new proposal with an indication of their costs, including:

• Labor costs;

• Rush work costs.Documents, which are accepted for consideration, should conf irm that a negative situation has occurred, which could be prevented by the introduction of a new development, as well as the need in f inancial resources.

Conclusions

The scientif ic novelty of this study, being one of the stages of a more global program, is ref lected in the f irst time development of practical methods for the use of the best Russian developments and technologies for detecting and suppressing forest f ires in Russia. A detailed description of the

processes for evaluating and introducing promising technical solutions for preventing, detecting and extinguishing forest f ires, and for minimizing the risks of implementing inef fective solutions, unjustif ied f inancial costs, and legal obstacles to the use of new technology has been proposed as a methodology. At the initial stage of planning, the identif ication of negative indicators of the new innovation will help to minimize the risks in forest f ire protection.

Modern methods, techniques and tools should be developed in terms of standards, describing the preparation of design documentation, measurement integrity, product development and production, the procedure for conducting patent research, and the presentation of numerical data on the properties of substances and materials in scientif ic and technical documents (GOST 15.011-82 1983; GOST 7.54–88 1988; GOST 2.111–68 2011; GOST 8.417-2002 2018). This will ensure their high ef ficiency and interoperability.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conf lict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conf lict of interest.