英语独立主格结构的用法
2021-11-24于彩霞
于彩霞
独立主格结构,紧凑简练,是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,分词、不定式、形容词、副词及介词短语等作为逻辑谓语构成,可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、目的等情况,主要用作状语,修饰整个句子,与主句之间不用任何连接词,而是多用逗号隔开。它是高巾英语中至关重要的语法知识之一,也是高考英语的一大考查热点。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式
(1)名词/代词+分词。名词或代词加分词可以构成独立主格结构,其中的现在分词表示主动或正在进行的动作,名词或代词表示动作的执行者,它与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系;而过去分词则表示被动或已完成的动作,名词或代词表示动作的承受者,它与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构。如:①Manv eYes watchingn him, he felt a bit nervous.(许多双眼睛看着他,他感到有点紧张。)②The experlmentfinished,the students jumped up happily.(实验完成了,学生们开心地跳了起来。)
(2)名词/代词+动词不定式。名词或代词加动词不定式可以构成独立主格结构,其中不定式表示逻辑主语将要发出的动作,如果动作与逻辑主语存在主谓关系,则用主动形式;若为动宾关系,则用被动形式。如:①Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, ournewly-built school will look even more beautiful.(被动形式,种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。)②The lastguest to arrive,our party wasstarted.(主动形式,最后一位客人一到,我们的晚会就开始。)
(3)名词/代词+形容词/副词。名词或代词加形容词或副词可以构成独立主格结构,其中形容词主要表示逻辑主语的性质和特征;副词则表示逻辑主语所处的状态。如:①The road muddy,we failed to arrivethere on time.(道路泥泞,我们未能按时到达那里。)②Class over, the students gallop out of the classroom.(下课了,学生们飞快地离开了教室)。
(4)名词/代词+介词短语。名词或代词加介词短语也可以构成独立主格结构,其中介词短语多表示伴随状态。如:①Our head teacher came into the class-room,papers in hand.(我们的班主任老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。)②The boy stood at the door, hands inpockets.(男孩站在门口,双手插在口袋里。)
二、应用独立主格结构的注意事项
(1)在独立主格结构中,如果表示的动作已经结束,应用过去分词;若没有发生或即将发生,则用不定式;正在进行,则用现在分词。如:①The boss looksrelaxed,with manv thingssettled.老板看上去很轻松,许多事情已经处理完了。(动作已结束)②The bosslooks anxious,with many things to settle.老板看上去很着急,还有许多事情未处理。(动作还没发生)③The food being COOked, Mrs. Smith was talking on thetelephone.史密斯夫人边做饭,边打电话。(两个动作同时进行)
(2)有时为了句子的简洁性,独立主格结构中的being/having been常常可以省略。但当逻辑主语为代词时或在“There being/having been+ no/nothing/no-body…”结构巾,being,having been则不可省略。如:①The guestions (having been)answered, the Englishteacher went on to explain the language points in thetext.(回答完问题后,英语老师接着解释了课文中的语言要点。)②It being a hot day,the children went swim-ming.(天气很热,孩子们去游泳了。)③There bemgnothing to do, the workers went home.(没有什么事情可做,工人们都回家了。)
(3)在“名词/代词+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,若名词为单数,可以不用冠词,同时介词短语里的限定词也可以省略。如:The music teacher stood atthe door, violin in hand.(音乐老师站在门口,手里拿着一把小提琴。)
三、巩固练习
1.单项选择题
①He stood there,from her cheeks.
A.with tears rolled down B.tears rolling down
C.tears rolled down
D.tears' rolling down
②I sent you 150 dollars today, he rest
in a year.
A.following
B.followed
C.follow
D.to follow
③The children went home from their school, theircompositionsfor the day.
A.completed
B.completing
C.had completed
D.completing
④Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some____a lifespan of around 20 years.
A. have B.had C.to have D.having
2.填空題:运用独立主格结构补充完整下列句子
① (地板又湿又脏),we would rather stand out-side.
②He was standing here,____(嘴里刁着一根烟)
③Almost all metals are good conductors,___(银是最好的导体)
④ (天气允许),we will go on camping thisweekend.
【参考答案】1.选择题:①B;②D;③A;④D.
2.填空题:①The floor being wet and dirty;②ciga-rette in mouth;③silver being the best of all;④Weatherpermitting.
(作者单位:江苏省滨海中学)