汤山矿坑公园茶室，南京，中国

2021-10-27王建国,朱渊,姚昕悦等

世界建筑 2021年10期

南京汤山历史悠久，文化积淀丰厚，温泉资源丰富，但曾经粗放式的采石作业令山体伤疤累累。近年，得益于南京市“城市双修”试点工作的开展，汤山着手山体生态复育和矿坑公园等文化旅游设施的建设。茶室就是矿坑公园中利用原农民宅基地设计建造的配套服务建筑之一。

设计概念来源于对场地归属感的重塑。初到项目现场，看见鱼塘缓坡边的简易农舍、水井、灶台以及鸡群和家犬，弥漫着农家生活的烟火味，营造一个既能望山看水、又能留存些许乡愁记忆的建筑是最朴素的构思来源，希望能将茶室呈现出“当代乡土”意向，并契合城市休闲人群体验。

建筑设计利用地形，兼顾面水的主要人流流向和临机动车道的次入口；建筑体量正交与斜向结合组织，梯形入口广场与滨水栈道相接，广场上保留了老井台，并结合标志性的榔榆大树形成“村口”的意向；抬升的红砖山墙形成了新的通道，并重现水中倒影，与农舍拆除前形成了似曾相识的画境；抬升墙体引发设计构想出“Y”型的钢筋混凝土树状结构形式，并反复组合运用在各空间，形成了通透轻盈的观景界面。□

项目信息/Credits and Data

设计团队/Design Team: 王建国，朱渊，姚昕悦，沈宇驰，罗文博等/WANG Jianguo, ZHU Yuan, YAO Xinyue,SHEN Yuchi, LUO Wenbo, et al.

设计时间/Design Time: 2018

竣工时间/Completion Time: 2019

摄影/Photos: 许昊皓，王建国/XU Haohao, WANG Jianguo

1 总平面/Site plan

2 夜景/Night view

4 西南侧视景/Southwest view（2-4 摄影/Photos: 许昊皓/XU Haohao）

5 首层平面/Ground floor plan6 二层平面/First floor plan

Tangshan has a long history, rich cultural accumulation and outstanding hot spring resources,but extensive quarrying operation has scarred the mountain. In recent years, thanks to the pilot work of "Double Urban Repairs" in Nanjing, Tangshan has set about the construction of mountain ecological restoration and cultural tourism facilities such as the Tangshan Quarry Park. The teahouse is built from the former farmer's homestead as one of the service buildings in the park.

The design concept comes from the reinvention of the sense of belonging of the site. When the design team first arrived at the project site by the fish pond, they were impressed by the smell of kitchen smoke and the scene of farm life including the farmhouse, the well, the cooktop, chickens and domestic dogs. Thus they proposed a simple idea to create a building that can not only enjoy the mountains and the water, but also retain a little homesick memory. It is hoped that the teahouse can present the intention of "contemporary countryside" and fit the experience of the urban leisure group.

According to the topography, the design balances the main flow facing the lake and the secondary entrance next to the motorway. The building volume is combined with orthogonal and oblique dimensions, and the trapezoidal entrance plaza is connected with the waterfront plank road.The old well is retained on the plaza, combined with the iconic big ulmus parvifolia tree to form the image of the "village entrance". The raised red brick gable creates a new passage and reproduces the reflection on the water, forming a familiar picture with the former farmhouse. Another idea of "Y"-shaped reinforced concrete tree-like structure is triggered by the lifted red wall, and this structure is repeatedly combined and used in various spaces to form a transparent and light viewing interface.□

7.8 Y 型结构体系/Y-Shaped Structure

9 滨水视景/Waterfront view（摄影/Photo: 王建国/WANG Jianguo）

10 夜景/Night view（摄影/Photo: 许昊皓/XU Haohao）

11 红砖墙夜景/Night view of the red brick wall（摄影/Photo: 王建国/WANG Jianguo）

12 剖面/Sections

张鹏举：在面对自然或乡村环境做建筑时，通常我们很难摆脱个人的主观情景作出有效应答。王建国院士及其团队设计的南京汤山矿坑公园茶室，将主观意趣融于客观场景，印证了一个长期的看法：对于类似场地中的好建筑，相貌、建造、体验，互成因果，缺一不能奏效。

相貌，强调的是环境、建筑有机融于人心里所呈现的样貌。相貌不是形式，更非风格，虽有物理的形，更是心中的相。王建国院士在设计之初画出的意向草图，引导了整体设计走向，草图中有形态，有尺度，更有建筑师心目中与环境共生的基本相貌。

建造，强调一种结构、材料、构造等逻辑的真实性。茶室设计中运用伞形结构，打开茶室视野尤其是传统建筑中不多见的房间角部视野，它是视觉体验的需要，是整体设计的一个核心环节。此一做法在熟悉的形态中创造了陌生感，令整体不同凡响，但又守住了相貌的边界。

体验，来自空间营造，打开茶室视野是然，经营漫游路径亦然，于是，庭院手法应运而生。设计配合地形布置大小高低多处院子，它既是草图相貌的落实，更是基于身体体验的深化，本质上又是藏于人们集体记忆中的在地基因。

从一幅画的相貌开始，真实体验引导了形态发展，真实形态又催生了崭新结构，既留住记忆，又推陈出新。

13 二层平台/First floor platform

14 茶室大厅/Teahouse lobby

Comments

ZHANG Pengju: Normally it is difficult for us to respond effectively to individual subjective situations in the face of natural and rural environments when doing architectural design. Whereas WANG's team blends subjective interest with objective scenes and confirms a long-term view in the design of the tea house in Tangshan Quarry Park: for a good building on a similar site, appearance, construction, and experience are all indispensable and contribute to each other.

"Appearance" emphasizes how the environment and architecture organically blend in people's hearts.It is not a form, nor a style. It is physical, but on the other hand, also a spiritual image of the heart. WANG drew a sketch of intention at the first glance of the site, which guided the overall design development.There are forms and scales in the sketches, as well as the basic appearance of the symbiosis between the building and the environment in the architect's mind.

"Construction" emphasizes the authenticity of a logic of structure, material, construction, etc. An umbrella-shaped structure is used to open up the view of the internal space of the tea room, especially the corner view which is not common in traditional buildings, expands the visual experience and becoming a core part of the overall design. This approach creates a sense of strangeness in the familiar form, making the whole room extraordinary, yet keeping the boundary of appearance.

"Experience" comes from the creation of space as can be seen from the unobstructed view of the tea room and the fun of the roaming path. These suggest a kind of courtyard technique. According to the topographic layout of multiple yards, the building is not only the implementation of the sketches and appearance, but also the deepening of the physical experience, moreover, the local gene hidden in people's memory in essence.

The form generated from the real experience and created a brand new structure at the same time. It not only retains the memory, but also innovates the old.