循环肿瘤细胞、癌胚抗原及影像学对非小细胞肺癌诊断价值
2021-04-30曹达魁王海琴
曹达魁 王海琴
[摘要] 目的 探討循环肿瘤细胞、癌胚抗原及影像学对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)诊断价值分析。 方法 选择2018年9月至2019年8月我院病理确诊的43例NSCLC患者、同期入院的43例良性肺部疾病患者及43例健康者为研究对象,检测并分析三组CTC、CEA及胸部CT在诊断NSCLC中的价值。 结果 肺癌组CTC阳性率为79.07%,良性肺部疾病组CTC阳性率为4.65%。健康组CTC阳性率0%。肺癌组与良性肺部疾病组、健康组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肺癌患者吸烟患者CTC阳性率为95.00%,二手烟吸入者阳性率为77.78%,无吸烟史CTC阳性率则为20.00%,三组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者CTC无检出,Ⅲ期CTC阳性率为68.75%,Ⅳ期CTC阳性率为92.00%,各亚组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有远处转移者CTC阳性率为95.83%,无远处转移者CTC阳性率为57.89%。CEA≤5 ng/mL患者中CTC阳性率为46.67%,CEA>5 ng/mL患者中CTC阳性率为96.43%。而CTC阳性率与性别、年龄、PS评分、病理学类型及CT位置表现差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CEA临界值为6.55 ng/mL时,敏感性为62.8%,特异性83.7%;CTC临界值为1.03时,敏感性79.1%,特异性98.8%。CTC的敏感性及特异性均要高于CEA,但三者联合则具有更高的诊断效率。 结论 在NSCLC诊断中CTC敏感性及特异性比CEA及胸部CT高,CTC与NSCLC患者吸烟情况、临床分期、远处转移有关,CTC与CEA及胸部CT结合可显著提高NSCLC的诊断率。
[关键词] 循环肿瘤细胞;癌胚抗原;胸部CT;非小细胞肺癌
[中图分类号] R734.2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)08-0046-04
The diagnostic value of circulating tumor cells, CEA and imaging for non-small cell carcinoma
CAO Dakui WANG Haiqin
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jiaxing Second Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314000, China
[Abstract] Objective To discuss and analyze the diagnostic value of circulating tumor cells, CEA and imaging for non-small cell carcinoma. Methods A total of 43 patients with NSCLC confirmed by pathology in our hospital from September 2018 to August 2019, 43 patients with benign pulmonary disease admitted in the same period, and 43 healthy patients were selected as the study subjects. The values of CTC, CEA and chest CT in the diagnosis of NSCLC in three groups were detected and analyzed. Results The CTC positive rate was 79.07% in the lung cancer group, 4.65% in the benign lung disease group, and 0% in the healthy group. Significant differences were observed among the lung cancer group, the benign lung disease group, and the healthy group(P<0.05). The positive rate of CTC was 95.00% in lung cancer patients who smoked, 77.78% in those who inhaled second-hand smoke, and 20.00% in those who had no smoking history, with significant differences among the three groups(P<0.05). No CTC was detected in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients; the positive rate of CTC in stage Ⅲ was 68.75%; the positive rate of CTC in stage Ⅳ was 92.00%; statistically significant differences were observed among the subgroups(P<0.05). The CTC positive rate was 95.83% in those with distant metastasis and 57.89% in those without distant metastasis. The CTC positive rate was 46.67% in patients with CEA≤5 ng/mL and 96.43% in patients with CEA>5 ng/mL. No statistical significances were observed in the CTC positive rate with gender, age, PS score, pathological type and CT location(P>0.05). When CEA threshold was 6.55 ng/mL, the sensitivity and the specificity were 62.8% and 83.7%. When the CTC threshold was 1.03, the sensitivity and specificity were 79.1% and 98.8%. The sensitivity and specificity of CTC were higher than those of CEA, but the combination of the three had a higher diagnostic efficiency. Conclusion In the diagnosis of NSCLC, the sensitivity and specificity of CTC are higher than those of CEA and chest CT. CTC is related to the smoking status, clinical stage and distant metastasis of NSCLC patients. The combination of CTC, CEA and chest CT can significantly improve the diagnostic rate of NSCLC.
[Key words] Circulating tumor cells; CEA; Chest CT; Non-small cell lung cancer
目前我国发病率及病死率最高的恶性肿瘤是肺癌[1],非小细胞肺癌占其中的 80%~85%,大多数肺癌患者的预后较差,总体5年生存率约为18.1%,大多数患者就诊时已处于晚期[2]。作为肺癌早期筛查手段,以癌胚抗原为代表的血清肿瘤标志物检测和胸部CT检查已被广泛应用。肺癌主要死因多为远处转移,血行播散是转移的重要途径。循环肿瘤细胞(Circulating tumor cells,CTC)是指原发肿瘤或转移病灶内的肿瘤细胞通过主动迁移、侵袭或者外在因素干扰导致其被动脱落,从而进入循环血液所形成。CTC成为血行转移的重要前提。近年来CTC成为一种用于肿瘤的早期诊断[3,4]、疗效评估、复发评估和预后预测[5]的液体活检方法。本研究拟探讨循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)与非小细胞肺癌(Non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者病理特征,并进一步研究其与癌胚抗原及影像学在NSCLC中的诊断价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
本研究病例选自我院2018年9月至2019年8月我院病理确诊的NSCLC、良性肺部疾病患者及健康体检者,分为肺癌组、良性肺部疾病组及健康组,每组43例。入选者共129例,其中男66例,女63例。肺癌患者43例,其中男22例,女21例,平均年齡(62.35±16.39)岁。肺癌组患者纳入标准:经组织病理诊断为肺癌患者;年龄18~80岁;入组前未接受任何抗肿瘤治疗;预计生存期>3个月[5]。排除标准:妊娠;年龄<18岁或>80岁;KPS评分<70;预计生存期<3个月;机体有其他原发恶性肿瘤;需要治疗的严重的肝、肾、心、肺等疾病[5]。同期纳入本院确诊肺部良性疾病43例,男18例,女25例,平均年龄(61.24±14.88)岁。其中肺炎25例,支气管哮喘8例,慢性阻塞性肺疾病5例,支气管扩张5例。健康组43例,其中男26例,女17例,平均年龄(60.34±15.81)岁。三组性别分布、年龄等进行比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。经医院医学伦理委员会审批后,所有参与该实验的患者及家属均需签署研究知情同意书。
1.2方法
CTC分型检测采用CanpatrolR CTC检测技术平台,通过采取入组患者5 mL外周静脉血,随后通过8 μm纳米膜进行过滤富集CTC,再通过多重mRNA原位杂交技术鉴定CTC,最后通过全自动荧光显微镜镜检进行判读。CT检查运用 Siemens SOMATOM Perspective32排CT仪行胸部CT平扫,对其病灶形态及结构进行观察并测量大小。检测CEA需所有受检者在清晨取空腹状态下的静脉血3 mL,采用RXLmax全自动生化分析仪及配套试剂。参考值范围:CEA:0~5 ng/mL。
1.3统计学方法
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行描述性统计分析。计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2或Fisher精确检验,等级资料相关分析采用秩和检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组CTC检测阳性率比较
肺癌组34例患者检测CTC阳性(79.07%),良性肺部疾病患者中有2例检测出CTC阳性(4.65%)。健康组无人检测出CTC阳性。肺癌组分别与良性肺部疾病组、健康组CTC检测比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。良性肺部疾病组与健康组CTC检测比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.2 肺癌患者CTC与临床病例特征的关系
本研究结果显示,肺癌患者吸烟患者CTC阳性率为95.00%,被动吸烟者阳性率为77.78%,无吸烟史CTC阳性率则为20.00%,三组之间CTC阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者CTC无检出,Ⅲ期CTC阳性率为68.75%,Ⅳ期CTC阳性率为92.00%,各亚组CTC阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有远处转移者CTC阳性率为95.83%,无远处转移者CTC阳性率为57.89%。CEA≤5 ng/mL患者中CTC阳性率为46.67%,CEA>5 ng/mL患者中CTC阳性率为96.43%。而CTC阳性率与患者性别、年龄、PS评分、病理学类型及CT位置表现比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.3 肺癌患者CTC数量、CEA水平及影像学的ROC分析结果
本研究结果显示,CEA临界值为6.55 ng/mL时约登指数为0.465,AUC为0.780,95%置信区间为0.818~0.967,其敏感性为62.8%,特异性83.7%;CTC临界值为1.03时约登指数为0.779,AUC为0.892,95%置信区间为0.688~0.872,敏感性为79.1%,特异性为98.8%。CTC的敏感性及特异性均要高于CEA,但三者联合应用,AUC为0.939,95%置信区间为0.897~0.980。
3讨论
临床上肿瘤的诊断仍以固体活检作为确诊及分期的金标准,但随着目前对恶性肿瘤精确诊治的要求不断提高,在日益精准、灵敏的医学检测技术支持下,液体活检在临床中逐渐发挥出重要作用。循环肿瘤细胞(Circulating tumor cell,CTC)不仅能实现对肿瘤进展的实时跟踪,及时、有效地捕获治疗过程中肿瘤的动态变化情况,而且操作过程简单,可重复多次采样,可对肿瘤情况进行实时监测[6-7],为肿瘤的早期检测提供了可行的方法[8]。越来越多研究表明CTC在肺癌的早期诊断、疾病监测及预后中起到重要作用[9]。有研究发现,肺癌患者治疗期间CTC水平无法检测的患者与CTC水平可持久检测的患者相比,无进展生存期比较,差异有统计学意义[10-11]。
本研究检测三组研究对象外周血中的CTC计数、CEA水平及胸部影像学检查,发现肺癌组与良性肺部疾病组、健康组CTC比较,肺癌组患者CTC阳性率为79.07%,差异有统计学意义。研究还发现CTC阳性率与吸烟、肿瘤分期及CEA水平有统计学意义(P<0.05),与Ried等[12]研究结果一致。CTC升高原因考虑循环肿瘤细胞水平和患者体内肿瘤负荷相关,从而使CTC检测更有利于精确地评估病情。吸烟患者CTC阳性率高,考虑长期大量吸烟是肺癌最常见的诱因。本研究显示CTC阳性率与患者性别、年龄、PS评分、病理学类型及CT位置表现无统计学意义(P>0.05),与Yasumoto K等[13]研究一致。Wang等[14]研究也表明,CTC水平与肿瘤的组织学亚型没有显著差异,与本研究结果一致。但由于样本量限制,具体各亚型肿瘤与CTC关系,仍需进一步大量临床试验证实。
肿瘤标志物是由肿瘤细胞产生并释放到血液、细胞、体液中的一种物质,它可反映出肿瘤的发生、存在与生长。癌胚抗原(Carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)为目前临床上常用且较为敏感的肿瘤标志物之一,在肿瘤的诊断、治疗及监测预后中发挥较大作用。影像学作为肺癌诊断必不可少的方法,已较为成熟应用,如中央型肺癌在CT中最重要且最直接的征象是支气管的管壁截断,或者增厚狭窄及出现肺门肿块。而周围型的肺癌患者在胸部CT的主要征象则是分叶征及毛刺征等[15]。
该研究显示,在肺癌的诊断中CEA(临界值6.55 ng/mL)的敏感性為62.8%,特异性为83.7%,而CTC(临界值1.03)的敏感性为79.1%,特异性为98.8%。CTC(AUC 0.892;95%CI 0.688~0.872)和Youden指数值(0.779)比CEA(AUC 0.780;95%CI 0.818~0.967)高,表明CTC敏感性和特异性要高于CEA及胸部CT影像学表现,与Chen等[16]结果一致,说明CTC与传统血清肿瘤标志物及影像学相比,具有更高的特异性和灵敏度。但对于可疑恶性肺部病变的诊断患者而言,CTC的检测不能代替CT成像或组织活检[17]。本研究还表明,如将CTC、 CEA和影像学表现结合,AUC为0.939, 95%可信区间为0.897~0.980,可显著提高诊断的敏感性和特异性,更能反映患者远处转移的真实情况[18]。
总之,CTC在肺癌患者中具有较强的临床应用价值,为早期发现癌症提供一条新捷径,可作为患者监测治疗反应和疾病进展的手段[19-20]。因本研究病例数相对较少,还需通过进一步的大规模、多中心的随访研究,去进行深入探讨分析其在肺癌早期诊断、评估患者疗效、预后和监测复发转移等方面的应用价值,为临床肺癌的诊治提供新的方法。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-09)