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改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术矫正轻度上睑下垂的临床研究

2021-01-16谢燕燕王晓川张基勋姜笃银

中国美容医学 2021年12期
关键词:并发症

谢燕燕 王晓川 张基勋 姜笃银

[關键词]改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法;上睑下垂;轻度;提上睑肌肌力;提上睑肌缩短;并发症

[中图分类号]R622    [文献标志码]A    [文章编号]1008-6455(2021)12-0033-04

Clinical Study on Modified Levator Palpebrae Superioris Orbicularis Oculi Fixation Blepharoplasty for the Correction of Mild Blepharoptosis

XIE Yan-yan1,2,WANG Xiao-chuan2,3,ZHANG Ji-xun2,3,JIANG Du-yin2,3,4

(1.Department of Plastic Surgery,Jinan Hays Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Hospital,Jinan 250100,Shandong,China;2.Cheeloo College of Medicine,Shandong University,Jinan 250012,Shandong,China;3.Department of Plastic and Burns Surgery,the Second Hospital of Shandong University,Jinan 250000,Shandong,China;

4.Department of Emergency,the Second Hospital of Shandong University,Jinan 250033,Shandong,China)

Abstract: Objective  It is to study clinical therapeutic effect and complication rates of mild blepharoptosis correction by modified levator palpebrae superioris orbicularis oculi fixation blepharoplasty. Methods  250 patients (320 eyes) with mild blepharoptosis treated from September 2014 to April 2020 were selected as the research object and divided into the observation group (125 cases, 165 eyes) and the control group (125 cases, 155 eyes). The upper eyelid margin of the patients was located at the upper edge of pupil, and their levator muscle strength was all 6-12mm. Patients in the observation group were treated by modified levator palpebrae superioris orbicularis oculi fixation blepharoplasty, and in the control group were treated by shortening levator palpebrae muscle. The treatment effect and complications were analyzed immediate after operation, one month after operation and 6 months after operation. Results  The position of upper eyelid margin of patients in the observation group returned to normal, and they were without palpebral fissure incomplete closure, only slight swelling found immediate after operation. There was only 5 eyes in the observation group with slight undercorrection and no one with overcorrection one month after operation. The short-term curative effect of the observation group was better than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Six months after operation, the double eyelid arc of patients was smooth and natural, and the incidence of complications (6.06%) in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (38.71%), also the patient satisfaction (84.00%) of the observation group higher than that of the control group (52.00%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion  Modified levator palpebrae superioris orbicularis oculi fixation blepharoplasty for correcting mild blepharoptosis conforms to ophthalmic anatomy and eyeball dynamics with smaller wound. Levator muscle strength of patients is improved after operation. The effect is reliable and the incidence of adverse reactions is low.

Key words: modified levator palpebrae superioris orbicularis oculi fixation blepharoplasty; blepharoptosis; mild; levator palpebrae muscle strength; levator palpebrae muscle shortening; complication

轻度上睑下垂患者仰头视物程度轻,多表现为轻度视野缩小,平视时抬眉辅助睁眼[1]。其症状易被患者及家属忽视,但临床较为常见,多为就医行重睑术时被医生发现。治疗时若单纯行重睑术,重睑皱襞往往漂浮不定易消失,有些甚至加重上睑下垂外观。轻度上睑下垂患者对手术结果的期待与单睑患者行重睑术基本一致,但实际效果较之差,并发症多,不易为就医者接受,影响了术后医患双方的满意度。改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术对提上睑肌的功能可起到改善作用,鉴于临床中改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术在提上睑肌肌力为8~12mm的患者中行重睑成形术时应用良好[2],本次将该术式应用至轻度上睑下垂患者中,对250例(320眼)上睑下垂患者展开研究,旨在探讨改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术治疗轻度上睑下垂的临床疗效,现报道如下。

1  资料和方法

1.1 一般资料:选取2014年9月-2020年4月收治的轻度上睑下垂患者250例作为研究对象,分为观察组与对照组。观察组采用改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术治疗,共125例,单侧85例,双侧40例,共165眼;其中女性95例125眼,男性30例40眼,年龄16~39岁。对照组采用提上睑肌缩短术治疗,共125例,单侧95例,双侧30例,共155眼;其中女性105例120眼,男性20例35眼,年龄16~37岁。两组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2 纳入标准:①轻度上睑下垂,上睑缘均位于瞳孔上缘和角膜上缘之间,下垂量1~2mm;②提上睑肌肌力6~12mm;③无手术禁忌证,常规术前查体无异常,签署知情同意书。

1.3 手术方法:术前测定患者的提上睑肌肌力,检测额肌肌力和上直肌功能,对提上睑肌缩短量进行评估,画线标记。患者取仰卧位,消毒铺巾,局部麻醉。

观察组给予改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术进行治疗。切开皮肤、皮下,切除松弛皮肤及部分眼轮匝肌,保留近切口缘的肌下毛细血管网和近皮的上睑静脉丛。修剪睑板前组织,选择性去除或复位眶隔脂肪[3],沿眶隔后壁向上剪断帖附于眶隔后壁的肌纖维,两侧分离至内外角,向上分离至上横韧带,充分暴露提上睑肌腱膜。于中央线上略偏内侧1~2mm处及外侧线处缝合提上睑肌腱膜与切口下缘眼轮匝肌,嘱患者睁眼观察睑缘位置。满意后7-0尼龙线穿过切口下缘皮肤肌肉、提上睑肌腱膜、切口上缘皮肤肌肉全层间断缝合。见图1。

对照组给予提上睑肌缩短术进行治疗。提上睑肌缩短量按照1:4或1:5进行计算。在需缩短肌肉长度上方约2mm处,做3对褥式缝合,将提上睑肌固定于睑板上缘。调整合适后,按皮肤-提上睑肌腱膜-皮肤固定方式间断缝合[4]。

1.4 术后处理:术毕,纱布加压包扎,冷敷30min。对于存在睑裂闭合不全者,日间滴氯霉素眼药水,夜间睡前红霉素眼膏封眼。并进行按压眉毛睁眼闭眼功能锻炼,一天两次,每次15~30min,坚持2~3个月。

1.5 观察指标:①术后即刻睑裂闭合情况;②术后1个月根据暴露睑裂高度、上睑缘位置、睑裂闭合情况三个指标进行近期矫正疗效评价[5-6],见表1;③术后6个月远期并发症及患者满意度评价,包括:睑裂闭合不全、睑内翻或外翻、过矫或欠矫、重睑皱襞流畅对称度及患者满意度[分为非常满意、满意、一般、不满意及非常不满意,总体满意度=(非常满意+满意)例数/总例数×100%]等。

1.6 统计学分析:采用SPSS 18.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计数资料以频数和构成比表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2  结果

2.1 术后一般情况:术后即刻观察组无一眼出现睑裂闭合不全,无一眼出现血肿及感染;对照组有55眼(35.48%)出现睑裂闭合不全,有5眼出现血肿,有5眼由于护理不当出现感染,对症处理后好转。

2.2 术后1个月近期疗效评价:观察组近期疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。

2.3 两组并发症发生情况:观察组并发症发生率为6.06%,明显低于对照组的38.71%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。

2.4 两组患者满意度比较:观察组总体满意率为84.00%,显著高于对照组的52.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。两组典型病例见图2~3。

3  讨论

轻度上睑下垂影响功能及美观[7],目前临床上手术治疗以增强或缩短提上睑肌肌力的术式较为多见,其中以睑板-结膜切除或提上睑肌缩短为主,但创伤较大[8],存在过矫、欠矫、睑内外翻、重睑外形僵硬等并发症[9-10],一旦出现睑裂闭合不全患者术后易出现角膜损伤[11],影响术后效果。Jung I Park[12]的提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术,由于进行了提上睑肌腱膜与眼轮匝肌的缝合,相当于将提上睑肌腱膜末端迁徙至睑板前眼轮匝肌,加强了提上睑肌的力量[13-14],可矫正肌力不充足,将提上睑肌肌力≥8mm者术后提上睑肌肌力加强至正常水平。术后肿胀较轻,恢复较快,满意度高[15]。鉴于以上理论,将该术式引入轻度上睑下垂的矫正中。

在选择手术方式时,提上睑肌肌力是手术方法选择的一个重要依据。针对提上睑肌肌力>6mm的轻度上睑下垂患者,在行改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术时,充分分离提上睑肌腱膜至上横韧带,并在内外侧角处离断,将提上睑肌腱膜与切口下眼轮匝肌固定,相当于将提上睑肌腱膜前徙,可起到提上睑肌肌力加强的作用[16]。术中只分离提上睑肌腱膜,不需要Müller's肌的处理,减少了术中出血量,操作简单,避免了结膜脱垂的发生[17]。同时,在眼球球状曲面上,提上睑肌收缩时力的作用是前后向,通过起滑轮作用的眼球后变成上后向,故将上睑缘拉成弧形。该术式符合提上睑肌由水平转为垂直向下的生理性活动方向,术后能完成流畅自然的重睑外观[18],增加了患者的满意度。通过术后即刻观察可以看出,观察组无一眼出现睑裂闭合不全,无一眼出现血肿及感染;术后1个月短期观察,96.97%的患者效果良好;术后6个月随访显示,5眼欠矫,5眼重睑弧度不流畅,发生率6.06%,明显低于对照组的38.71%。患者自身满意度84.00%也高于对照组的52.00%。提示在轻度上睑下垂的患者中采用提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法矫正,可通过增强提上睑肌肌力以矫正上睑下垂,效果显著且手术安全性高,并发症少。该术式的适应证为提上睑肌肌力≥6mm的先天性上睑下垂及后天医源性上睑下垂的修复,伴或者不伴有上睑臃肿、上睑皮肤松弛,可同时行内眦赘皮矫正术。在术中操作过程中需注意以下几点:①在注射麻药时,宜注射在眼轮匝肌层,避免过深造成提上睑肌一过性麻痹;②提上睑肌腱膜的分离非常重要,需避免在分离时离断提上睑肌腱膜;③眼轮匝肌与提上睑肌腱膜缝合固定层次和缝皮时皮肤与腱膜固定位置尽量在同一高度,若内高外低,则切口下皮肤不能绷紧,易出现重睑宽度变窄;若内低外高,提上睑肌肌力则得不到有效加强,术后矫正不充分。本组病例中有5眼欠矫患者即出现此问题;④去除组织要适量,避免眼周动脉弓损伤;⑤该术式未应用于提上睑肌肌力<6mm的患者。

综上所述,改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术矫正提上睑肌肌力≥6mm的轻度上睑下垂,矫正效果好,创伤小,并发症少,重睑弧线流畅,满意度高。

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[收稿日期]2021-04-15

本文引用格式:谢燕燕,王晓川,张基勋,等.改良提上睑肌-眼轮匝肌固定法睑成形术矫正轻度上睑下垂的临床研究[J].中国美容医学,2021,30(12):33-37.

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