具有乳头样核特征的非浸润性甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤的临床研究进展
2020-12-25许培培郭明高
曾 素,许培培,郭明高
上海交通大学附属第六人民医院普外科,上海 200233
具有乳头样核特征的非浸润性甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤(noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features,NIFTP)是一种起源于滤泡上皮细胞的具有包裹性或边界清楚的非浸润性滤泡性肿瘤,伴滤泡性生长模式和乳头状核特征,无完整的乳头状结构和砂粒体,无任何甲状腺乳头状癌侵袭性亚型的征象及低分化癌表现[1]。通常认为NIFTP 是“恶变前”的病变,属于交界性肿瘤范畴,2017 年前被称为非浸润性包裹性滤泡型甲状腺乳头状癌(noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,NI-EFVPTC)[2]。 在 欧 美国家,NIFTP 占所有甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)的9.0% ~37.9%,50% 以 上 的 滤 泡型甲状腺乳头状癌(follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,FVPTC)均属于此种类型[3-5]。术后组织石蜡切片病理学检查是确诊NIFTP 的金标准,术前检查及术中冰冻切片均无法明确诊断。
1 NIFTP 名称的由来及产生的影响
1.1 NIFTP 名称的由来
甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的乳头状核特征一直被认为是诊断FVPTC 为PTC 最可靠的指标,但随着近年来甲状腺癌病理亚型研究的深入,FVPTC 是否具有包膜以及包膜是否被浸润在其诊断及预后的评估中越来越受到重视。早在20 世纪80 年代中期就发现了包裹性FVPTC(encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,EFVPTC),但由于经典型乳头状癌(classic papillary thyroid carcinoma,CPTC)也具有包膜,且病理学检查中肿瘤侵犯包膜或脉管极易被漏诊,因此EFVPTC被归类为PTC 而非滤泡性腺瘤[5]。21 世纪初,随着甲状腺相关病理诊断逐渐标准化,切尔诺贝利病理学工作组建议将具有乳头状核特征的非浸润性包裹性甲状腺肿瘤列入“恶性潜能未定的高分化肿瘤”,同时其他专家也质疑此类肿瘤是否应判定为恶性[6]。2006 年,纪念Sloan-Kattering 癌 症 中 心(Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,MSKCC)根据FVPTC 有无包膜将其分为非包裹性FVPTC(infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,IFVPTC)和EFVPTC,EFVPTC 又可分为浸润 性EFVPTC(invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas,I-EFVPTC)和NI-EFVPTC,发现其中IFVPTC 淋巴结转移率为65%,而EFVPTC 仅5%,约11 年的随访中NI-EFVPTC 无1 例复发[7]。随后该研究组从分子水平验证了基因突变对甲状腺滤泡上皮肿瘤生物学行为的影响,认为EFVPTC 的分子特征不同于其他类型FVPTC,与滤泡性腺瘤或滤泡癌更相似[8]。
国际多学科工作组根据该争论热点,重点评估了210例 EFVPTC 患者,其中NI-EFVPTC 患者109 例。尽管半数以上的NI-EFVPTC 患者仅行单纯腺叶切除术,且所有NI-EFVPTC 患者均未行131I 治疗,但术后随访10 ~26 年所有患者均无复发或转移。因此,该工作组提出用NIFTP替代NI-EFVPTC,以示该亚型与癌的区别,并推荐对此类患者行甲状腺腺叶切除术[9]。这项研究成果在2015 年美国和加拿大病理学会(The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology,USCAP)年会上首次提出,2016年发表在JAMA Oncology杂志上,获得甲状腺肿瘤领域研究人员的极大关注。2017 年世界卫生组织第4 版内分泌肿瘤分类把这一组织亚型独立出来,划入甲状腺交界性肿瘤范畴[10]。
1.2 NIFTP 产生的影响
SEER(Surveillance,Epidemiology,and EndResultsProgram)数据库的数据显示,美国甲状腺癌的发病率在过去30 年间增加了2 倍,但死亡率并未增加,这主要是因为甲状腺癌发病率的增加归因于PTC 病例的增加,且大多新诊断的PTC 是惰性的[11]。2017 年之前,这些惰性的PTC 往往按传统PTC 进行治疗管理,NIFTP 命名的提出是减少惰性甲状腺癌过度治疗的重大举措[11]。
在NIFTP 这一术语提出之前,已有多篇文献[7-8,12-13]报道NI-EFVPTC 患者即使仅行甲状腺腺叶切除术,术后预后也很好;且2015 年美国甲状腺协会(American Thyroid Association,ATA)也推荐对这一类患者仅行甲状腺腺叶切除术,术后无需放射性碘治疗[14-15]。删除名称中的“癌”字既减轻了患者及其家属的心理压力,也减轻了患者的经济负担,同时患者随访次数减少也节约了医疗资源。FVPTC 不同的形态与转归常引起临床上诊断和管理的争议,IFVPTC 常转移至颈部淋巴结,而EFVPTC 相对惰性[7-8,12-13]。将NIFTP 从EFVPTC 中分离出来后,FVPTC淋巴结的转移风险升高,病理诊断对预后的判断将更加准确[16]。由于NIFTP 曾属于低危性分化型甲状腺癌[17],NIFTP 被剔除后低危性分化型甲状腺癌及FVPTC 复发和转移风险的相应数据会升高[3]。
尽管这一术语的更改在甲状腺肿瘤领域具有重要意义,但在亚洲地区NIFTP 的发生率远低于欧美国家(6.3%vs37.9%)。Bychkov 等[3]报道亚洲地区NIFTP 仅约占PTC 的0.3%,对分化型甲状腺癌的诊疗影响较小。
2 NIFTP 的影像学与细胞学诊断
NIFTP 可以通过体格检查或影像学检查发现,但术前诊断敏感性不高,超声检查也没有特异性表现。Yang等[18]认为IFVPTC 常表现为低回声、边界不清、微钙化或纵横比>1,且大多无血流信号,而NIFTP 常伴有低回声晕圈且边界清楚,无侵袭性甲状腺癌的相关征象(如淋巴结转移、腺外侵犯、微钙化、纵横比>1、毛刺状、微小分叶状等),两者不易混淆;但I-EFVPTC 与NIFTP 表现相似,均具有丰富血流信号,难以鉴别。目前,甲状腺影像报告和数据系统(Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System,TIRADS)、ATA 超声分类等均难以区分NIFTP与I-EFVPTC[19]。超声特征直方图参数分析有助于区分NIFTP 与IFVPTC,但对NIFTP 与I-EFVPTC 的鉴别无明显作用[20]。
甲状腺细针穿刺细胞学(fine-needle aspiration cytology,FNAC)检查中NIFTP 的主要特征为微滤泡结构及乳头状核特征,包括核大、核拥挤、轮廓不规则和核染色质明显等。因为其缺乏完整的乳头状结构和砂粒体,核内包涵体也少见,一定程度上能与CPTC 的细胞进行区分。如果形态上难以区分CPTC 和NIFTP,也可从分子水平加以鉴别[21-22]。但由于肿瘤细胞浸润需术后石蜡病理切片观察才能判定,所以FNAC 检查中NIFTP 与I-EFVPTC 的表现相似,即使结合18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层显像也无法进行区分[23]。
尽管超声表现结合细胞学检查结果对提高NIFTP 术前诊断率作用并不明显,但命名的更改影响了甲状腺细胞病理学分级系统(the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology,TBSRTC)中各级别的恶性风险。Bongiovanni 等[24]对15 项 研 究 中 的915 例NIFTP进行meta 分析,发现NIFTP 的FNAC 检查结果主要为Ⅲ级(意义不明确的非典型性病变/滤泡性病变)、Ⅳ级(滤泡性肿瘤/可疑滤泡性肿瘤)和Ⅴ级(可疑恶性肿瘤),分别占比30%、21%和24%。这也使得TBSRTC Ⅲ/Ⅳ/Ⅴ级的肿瘤恶性风险分别下降19.1%~45.0%、11.4%~46.0%和20.5%~41.5%[24-26],进而降低了用于预测细胞学结果为Ⅲ/Ⅳ级的肿瘤良恶性的相关商品化产品如ThyroSeq V2、ThyGenX/ThyraMIR 等的诊断价值[4]。
3 NIFTP 的病理学诊断标准
乳头状结构的特征为纤细的纤维血管轴心周围富含乳头状核特征的甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞,至少1 个纤维血管轴心两侧各有不少于3 个的具有乳头状核特征的滤泡上皮细胞才能定义为乳头状结构。Nikiforov 等[9]于2016 年的诊断标准中定义NIFTP 的滤泡性生长模式指“<1%乳头状结构,无砂砾体,<30%实性、小梁状或岛状生长模式”。2017 年我国病理学专家刘志艳[27]建议采用“不含乳头状结构”的标准,并推荐实际病理工作中对于非浸润性包裹性甲状腺滤泡性病变首先可评估甲状腺乳头状癌细胞核特点,如确定则诊断为NIFTP,如不确定则参考NIFTP 细胞核评分系统进行评估,评分0 ~1 分诊断为滤泡性腺瘤,2 ~3 分诊断为NIFTP。多项研究[28-30]也报道了<1%乳头状结构的NIFTP 具有一定的淋巴结微转移倾向。为进一步完善NIFTP 的诊断,2018 年Nikiforov 等[1]将“<1%乳头状结构”更改为“无完整的乳头状结构”。
多数研究表明NIFTP 患者为BRAF(B-Raf protooncogene,serine/threonine kinase)基因野生型,但也有少数研究报道7%~29%的NIFTP 患者存在BRAFV600E基因突变,但进一步分析后发现这些突变型患者具有乳头状结构或包膜浸润[9,31-32]。乳头状结构与BRAFV600E基因突变、淋巴结转移甚至是远处转移相关,且随着乳头状结构占比增加,BRAFV600E突变率亦增加[28-29,32-33]。2018年,Nikiforov 等[1]增 加 了BRAFV600E突 变 相 关 的NIFTP诊断次要标准,同时作者提出对于乳头状核特征评分达3 分的患者,应注意仔细评估肿瘤边界及乳头状结构以减少误诊。NIFTP 最常见的基因突变类型为RAS突变,占30% ~54%,PAX8/PPARG(paired box 8/peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma)融合也较为常见,但NIFTP 通常无PTC 原癌基因RET(RET/PTC)重排或端粒酶反转录酶(telomerase reverse transcriptase,TERT)启动子突变[1,4,24,31]。
Hung 等[4]认为由于难以评估最大径<5 mm 结节的乳头状结构,不建议诊断此类微小结节为NIFTP。嗜酸细胞性NI-EFVPTC 同样属于FVPTC。Xu 等[34]通过对61 例嗜酸细胞性NI-EFVPTC 进行随访发现均无转移和复发,认为也可划入NIFTP 以减少嗜酸细胞性NI-EFVPTC 的过度治疗。也有报道[35-36]称miRNA 可以作为NIFTP 的有效分子标志物,但仍有待更深入的研究。尽管NIFTP 被纳入了WHO 内分泌肿瘤分类,但我国多数医疗机构仍未将此甲状腺癌病理亚型分类标准应用于临床,亚洲地区也未普及NIFTP 的诊断[3]。
4 NIFTP 的治疗及术后管理
2015 年ATA 指南推荐对NI-EFVPTC 患者行甲状腺腺叶切除术,术后无需131I 清甲治疗,促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH) 控 制 在0.5 ~2.0 mU/L[17]。 命名更改后ATA 工作小组认为由于缺少前瞻性研究的相关证据,NIFTP 的治疗方式与原先一致,但可以减少术后血清甲状腺球蛋白及颈部超声的监测频率[14]。2018 年美国国立综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南推荐对NIFTP 患者行患侧甲状腺腺叶切除+峡部切除术,术后每6 ~12 周行血清甲状腺球蛋白及抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体检测,TSH 水平可控制于低水平或正常范围[37]。我国2012 年的《甲状腺结节与分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南》[38]认为,原发灶≤4 cm 的NIEFVPTC 属于甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除术的相对适应证,在有效保留甲状旁腺和喉返神经的情况下,推荐行同侧中央区淋巴结清扫术。目前我国尚无NIFTP 治疗指南推荐,采取何种手术方式及是否应行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫将成为争议的热点。由于术前无法确诊NIFTP,Lindeman 等[39]提出可使用FNAC 的细胞学病理结果来确定手术方案,FNAC 提示Ⅲ~Ⅳ级的患者选择行甲状腺腺叶切除术,恶性风险更高的Ⅴ~Ⅵ级患者更倾向于首选甲状腺全部切除术。
Cho 等[28]和Parente 等[40]推荐按低危PTC 的标准进行NIFTP 术后患者的随访。如果遵照此建议,那么按照我国2012 年的指南[38],患者术后1 年内TSH 应控制在0.1 ~0.5 mU/L,若无明显的TSH 抑制治疗不良反应, 1 年后可调整至0.5 ~2.0 mU/L。然而,Rosario 等[41-42]认为用PTC 的模式来管理NIFTP 不太合理,不仅增加了检查成本还可能存在大量假阳性的结果导致不必要的治疗,由于NIFTP 诊断标准严格且预后良好,如果超声未检测到甲状腺残余结节,建议按滤泡性腺瘤进行随访。
5 NIFTP 的预后
Nikiforov 等[9]的多中心回顾性研究发现,相比于IFVPTC 约4.95%的远处转移率以及约12%的复发率,NIFTP 患者均无复发或转移;在儿童和青少年患者中也未发现转移[43]。2016 年至今的研究[19,30-31,42,44-48]中,仅约2%的NIFTP 患者发生颈部淋巴结转移,且均位于颈部中央区,大多是单一淋巴结受累的微转移(<2 mm),几乎无远处转移和复发风险。肿瘤的大小被认为与NIFTP 的诊断和预后无关[1],但Parente 等[40]报道了1 例结节大小为6.4 cm 的NIFTP 发生了肺转移;该研究的纳入标准为无乳头状结构的NIFTP,作者认为因病理石蜡切片本身具有一定厚度,未发现肿瘤浸润并不意味着肿瘤具有惰性行为。
由于目前超声分辨率无法检测到NIFTP 患者残余甲状腺的超微癌(<3 mm),而PTC 超微癌也可发生转移,从而可能会导致NIFTP 患者中央区淋巴结转移的假阳性结果[49-50]。回顾性研究的肿瘤样本质量会存在一定差异,如果标本取材部位代表性不足则可能将PTC 误诊为NIFTP,同样可导致NIFTP 转移的假阳性结果[22-32]。所以Rosario 等[41]认为现有的研究并不能完全说明NIFTP 的转移能力,未被发现的PTC 微癌和被误诊为NIFTP 的PTC均可使NIFTP 报道的转移复发风险高于其实际水平。
6 结语
惰性甲状腺癌的识别对甲状腺的治疗与管理具有重要影响,如果超声发现甲状腺相关恶性征象可排除NIFTP。FNAC 检查结果为TBSRTC Ⅲ/ Ⅳ/ Ⅴ级,基因检测为RAS突变型而无BRAFV600E突变、RET/PTC 基因重排、TERT启动子突变等高危突变,则可考虑NIFTP 的诊断,但仍须术后石蜡切片病理学检查才能确诊。虽然超声、细胞学检查和基因检测在一定程度上有助于NIFTP 的诊断,但易与I-EFVPTC 混淆,还需进一步寻找更为有效的诊断方式。因为NIFTP 术前诊断敏感性不佳,命名更改前后治疗管理模式并无重大改变,但手术方式更为保守,术后TSH 抑制治疗的标准降低,不良反应减少,同时患者的随访次数减少,心理负担有所减轻。
参·考·文·献
[1] Nikiforov YE, Baloch ZW, Hodak SP, et al. Change in diagnostic criteria for noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillarylike nuclear features[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4(8): 1125-1126.
[2] Amendoeira I, Maia T, Sobrinho-Simões M. Non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): impact on the reclassification of thyroid nodules[J]. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2018, 25(4): R247-R258.
[3] Bychkov A, Jung CK, Liu ZY, et al. Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features in Asian practice: perspectives for surgical pathology and cytopathology[J]. Endocr Pathol, 2018, 29(3): 276-288.
[4] Hung YP, Barletta JA. A user's guide to non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)[J]. Histopathology, 2018, 72(1): 53-69.
[5] Tallini G, Tuttle RM, Ghossein RA. The history of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2017, 102(1): 15-22.
[6] Chan J. Strict criteria should be applied in the diagnosis of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Am J Clin Pathol, 2002, 117(1): 16-18.
[7] Liu J, Singh B, Tallini G, et al. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of a problematic entity[J]. Cancer, 2006, 107(6): 1255-1264.
[8] Rivera M, Ricarte-Filho J, Knauf J, et al. Molecular genotyping of papillary thyroid carcinoma follicular variant according to its histological subtypes (encapsulatedvsinfiltrative) reveals distinctBRAFandRASmutation patterns[J]. Mod Pathol, 2010, 23(9): 1191-1200.
[9] Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR, Tallini G, et al. Nomenclature revision for encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a paradigm shift to reduce overtreatment of indolent tumors[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2016, 2(8): 1023-1029.
[10] 方三高. WHO(2017)内分泌器官肿瘤分类[J]. 诊断病理学杂志, 2018, 25(3): 239-240.
[11] Davies L, Morris LG, Haymart M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Disease State Clinical Review: the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer[J]. Endocr Pract, 2015, 21(6): 686-696.
[12] Ganly I, Wang L, Tuttle RM, et al. Invasion rather than nuclear features correlates with outcome in encapsulated follicular tumors: further evidence for the reclassification of the encapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma follicular variant[J]. Hum Pathol, 2015, 46(5): 657-664.
[13] Rosario PW, Penna GC, Calsolari MR. Noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: is lobectomy sufficient for tumours ≥ 1 cm?[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2014, 81(4): 630-632.
[14] Haugen BR, Sawka AM, Alexander EK, et al. American Thyroid Association guidelines on the management of thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer task force review and recommendation on the proposed renaming of encapsulated follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma without invasion to noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features[J]. Thyroid, 2017, 27(4): 481-483.
[15] Perros P, Boelaert K, Colley S, et al. Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2014, 81(Suppl 1): 1-122.
[16] Rosario PW, Mourão GF. Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): a review for clinicians[J]. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2019, 26(5): R259-R266.
[17] Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer[J]. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 1-133.
[18] Yang GCH, Fried KO, Scognamiglio T. Sonographic and cytologic differences of NIFTP from infiltrative or invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a review of 179 cases[J]. Diagn Cytopathol, 2017, 45(6): 533-541.
[19] Hahn SY, Shin JH, Oh YL, et al. Role of ultrasound in predicting tumor invasiveness in follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Thyroid, 2017, 27(9): 1177-1184.
[20] Kwon MR, Shin JH, Hahn SY, et al. Histogram analysis of greyscale sonograms to differentiate between the subtypes of follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer[J]. Clin Radiol, 2018, 73(6): 591.e1-591.e7.
[21] Bizzarro T, Martini M, Capodimonti S, et al. Young investigator challenge: the morphologic analysis of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features on liquid-based cytology: some insights into their identification[J]. Cancer Cytopathol, 2016, 124(10): 699-710.
[22] Zhao LN, Dias-Santagata D, Sadow PM, et al. Cytological, molecular, and clinical features of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear featuresversusinvasive forms of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Cancer Cytopathol, 2017, 125(5): 323-331.
[23] Rosario PW, Rocha TG, Calsolari MR. Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology: a prospective study[J]. Nucl Med Commun, 2019, 40(2): 185-187.
[24] Bongiovanni M, Giovanella L, Romanelli F, et al. Cytological diagnoses associated with noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features according to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Thyroid, 2019, 29(2): 222-228.
[25] Faquin WC, Wong LQ, Afrogheh AH, et al. Impact of reclassifying noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma on the risk of malignancy in The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology[J]. Cancer Cytopathol, 2016, 124(3): 181-187.
[26] Strickland KC, Vivero M, Jo VY, et al. Preoperative cytologic diagnosis of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: a prospective analysis[J]. Thyroid, 2016, 26(10): 1466-1471.
[27] 刘志艳. 具有乳头样核特征的非浸润性甲状腺滤泡性肿瘤及其诊断标准[J]. 中华病理学杂志, 2017, 46(3): 205-208.
[28] Cho U, Mete O, Kim MH, et al. Molecular correlates and rate of lymph node metastasis of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features and invasive follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma: the impact of rigid criteria to distinguish non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features[J]. Mod Pathol, 2017, 30(6): 810-825.
[29] Kim MJ, Won JK, Jung KC, et al. Clinical characteristics of subtypes of follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Thyroid, 2018, 28(3): 311-318.
[30] Kwon H, Jeon MJ, Yoon JH, et al. Preoperative clinicopathological characteristics of patients with solitary encapsulated follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2017, 116(6): 746-755.
[31] Johnson DN, Sadow PM. Exploration ofBRAFV600E as a diagnostic adjuvant in the non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)[J]. Hum Pathol, 2018, 82: 32-38.
[32] Kim TH, Lee M, Kwon AY, et al. Molecular genotyping of the noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma[J]. Histopathology, 2018, 72(4): 648-661.
[33] Rosario PW. Diagnostic criterion of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): absence of papillae[J]. Hum Pathol, 2019, 83: 225.
[34] Xu B, Reznik E, Tuttle RM, et al. Outcome and molecular characteristics of non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with oncocytic features[J]. Endocrine, 2019, 64(1): 97-108.
[35] Jahanbani I, Al-Abdallah A, Ali RH, et al. Discriminatory miRNAs for the management of papillary thyroid carcinoma and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features[J]. Thyroid, 2018, 28(3): 319-327.
[36] Borrelli N, Denaro M, Ugolini C, et al. miRNA expression profiling of ‘noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features’ compared with adenomas and infiltrative follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas[J]. Mod Pathol, 2017, 30(1): 39-51.
[37] Haddad RI, Nasr C, Bischoff L, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: thyroid carcinoma, version 2.2018[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2018, 16(12): 1429-1440.
[38] 中华医学会内分泌学分会, 中华医学会外科学分会, 中华抗癌协会头颈肿瘤专业委员会, 等. 甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南[J]. 中国肿瘤临床, 2012, 39(17): 1249-1272.
[39] Lindeman BM, Nehs MA, Angell TE, et al. Effect of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) on malignancy rates in thyroid nodules: how to counsel patients on extent of surgery[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2019, 26(1): 93-97.
[40] Parente DN, Kluijfhout WP, Bongers PJ, et al. Clinical safety of renaming encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: is NIFTP truly benign?[J]. World J Surg, 2018, 42(2): 321-326.
[41] Rosario PW, Mourão GF. Follow-up of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP)[J]. Head Neck, 2019, 41(3): 833-834.
[42] Rosario PW, Mourão GF, Oliveira LFF, et al. Long-term follow-up in patients with noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) without a suspicion of persistent disease in postoperative assessment[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2018, 50(3): 223-226.
[43] Chereau N, Greilsamer T, Mirallié E, et al. NIFT-P: are they indolent tumors? Results of a multi-institutional study[J]. Surgery, 2019, 165(1): 12-16.
[44] Can N, Celik M, Sezer YA, et al. Follicular morphological characteristics may be associated with invasion in follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features[J]. Bosn J Basic Med Sci, 2017, 17(3): 211-220.
[45] Mainthia R, Wachtel H, Chen YF, et al. Evaluating the projected surgical impact of reclassifying noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features[J]. Surgery, 2018, 163(1): 60-65.
[46] Shafique K, LiVolsi VA, Montone K, et al. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: reclassification to non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): a retrospective clinicopathologic study[J]. Endocr Pathol, 2018, 29(4): 339-345.
[47] Thompson LD. Ninety-four cases of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a name change to noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features would help prevent overtreatment[J]. Mod Pathol, 2016, 29(7): 698-707.
[48] Xu B, Tallini G, Scognamiglio T, et al. Outcome of large noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features[J]. Thyroid, 2017, 27(4): 512-517.
[49] Wada N, Duh QY, Sugino K, et al. Lymph node metastasis from 259 papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: frequency, pattern of occurrence and recurrence, and optimal strategy for neck dissection[J]. Ann Surg, 2003, 237(3): 399-407.
[50] Xu B, Tuttle RM, Sabra MM, et al. Primary thyroid carcinoma with lowrisk histology and distant metastases: clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics[J]. Thyroid, 2017, 27(5): 632-640.