阅读理解对考生思维品质的考查

冯信燕

許多学生有这样的疑惑：为什么我的词汇量不错，文章也能读懂，可阅读理解题的答题正确率还是不高呢？要解决这种读得懂却做不对的烦恼，关键在于提升我们自身的阅读思维品质。什么是阅读思维品质呢？阅读思维品质是在阅读过程中具有的思考辨析能力，包括分析、比较、概括、推理、判断等能力。下面以2020年高考阅读理解真题为例，来看看阅读理解题是如何考查我们的思维品质的。

一、阅读理解对概括能力的考查

阅读理解对考生概括能力的考查常常体现在要求考生归纳出文章大意或某段的大意。解答这类题的关键是善于寻找文章或段落的主题句，因为主题句往往能体现文章或段落的中心思想题。

[例1]（2020年全国Ⅰ卷阅读D篇第32题）

The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example， discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.

32. What is the first paragraph mainly about？

A. A new study of different plants.

B. A big fall in crime rates.

C. Employees from various workplaces.

D. Benefits from green plants.

我们通读该段后，很容易发现这段为总分结构。主题句是“Recent studies have found positive effects”，为了论证这句话，后面举了两个例子来说明。那么，通过抓住这个主题句，我们很容易判断D项正确。

二、阅读理解对推理判断能力的考查

阅读理解对考生推理、判断能力的考查体现在要求考生理解文章的深层含义，既要求考生能够“read between the lines， 深层理解文章中某句、某段的含义，推断出字面之外的弦外之音，又要求考生能够梳理出文章、段落、甚至句际之间的逻辑关系，从而“推断”出作者的态度、观点、意图等。

[例2]（2020年新高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读D篇第32题）

To test the effect of social influence on eating habits， the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first， 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began， each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state， the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.

Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit， taking more food than they normally would have. However， they took， significantly more when the actor was thin.

For the second test， in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case， she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test：the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.

14. Why did the researchers hire the actor？

A. To see how she would affect the participants.

B. To test if the participants could recognize her.

C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.

D. To study why she could keep her weight down.

这道题原文是没有直接给出相关信息的，考生需要整合原文多处信息，才能推出研究人员雇佣这个演员的真实意图。

首先考生要根据原文第二段中的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits， the researchers conducted two experiments”获得这个实验的目的：测试社交圈对饮食习惯的影响。再根据倒数第三段和第四段中的 the participants followed suit（参试者都跟着她做）可推断，研究者雇请那个演员的目的是，看看她如何影响参试者。故选A项。

三、阅读理解对考生分析比较能力的考查

阅读理解对考生分析、比较能力的考查突出表现在要求我们能够在易混淆的选项间选取角度进行分析和比较，从而排除错误选项。尤其是有些细节题，题干看似很简单，选项也都取自原文信息，但如果考生缺乏较强的分析比较能力，那么很容易选错。

[例3]（2020年全国Ⅰ卷阅读C篇第28题）

Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk， which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact（接触）with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity， however， says Jaclyn Norberg， an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem， Mass.

28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes？

A. They must run long distances.

B. They are qualified for the marathon.

C. They have to follow special rules.

D. They are good at swinging their legs.

本題问“为什么竞走运动员是有条件的运动员？”

由题干中的conditioned athletes，我们很容易找到答题信息点在文章的第二段（上面节选部分）。第二句是介绍夏季奥运会上竞走项目的竞走距离;第三句（But后）是竞走项目的规则要求;第四句是一位大学助理教授说竞走这种奇怪的形式让该项目成为一项吸引人的活动。

其中，第三句But the sports rules require that... 才是这项运动对运动员提出的规则要求，才对应题干中的“conditioned（有条件的）”，故选项C“他们必须遵守特殊的规则：在大部分的腿摆动过程中膝盖要保持笔直，并且一只脚要始终与地面接触”。

我们再来比较其余选项：

选项A“他们必须跑很长的距离”，虽然文中提到“夏季奥运会上最长的田径项目是50公里竞走”，但这是对该项目的介绍，而不是对参赛运动员设置的条件，而且也不是“跑”而是“走”。

选项B“他们有参加马拉松比赛的资格”，而文中只是说“夏季奥运会上的竞走距离比马拉松比赛多五公里”，而不是要求运动员要有参加马拉松比赛的资格。

选项D“他们擅长摆动他们的腿”，而文中信息是说“竞走者在腿摆过程中膝盖要保持笔直”。

总之，要提高阅读理解的解题能力，单靠提高词汇量是不够的。我们还应该在平时英文阅读时有意识地强化思维品质训练，特别是培养分析、比较、推理、概括等思维能力。这些能力对我们抓住题干的核心，分析选项的对错非常有意义。我们在平时阅读时，要识别语篇类型，分析语篇结构，抓住文章主旨，推断写作目的等。同时，我们还应该加强对文章的句际理解，分析上下文之间是举例补充、转折，还是对比关系等，从而培养自己的逻辑推理能力，以加强对文章的深度理解。最后在对待错题时，不能只关注正确选项是怎么来的，还应注意错误选项具体错在哪，从而培养自身的分析、比较能力。

责任编辑 蒋小青