ABSTRACTS

(1)Sidgwick’s utilitarianism

GONG Qun ·5·

Sidgwick is remembered for his forthright ethical theory and considered as the last important utilitarian ethicist of classical utilitarianism. He is the first who discovers the apparent conflict between Bentham’s and Mill’s utilitarianism, i.e., that between the pleasure of self and pleasure of others, or “the greatest happiness of the greatest majority”. Therefore, he excludes egoism from utilitarianism. Besides, he discusses utilitarianism in the sense of the greatest happiness of the greatest majority. At the same time, his theory also reveals the difficulties in the transition from the former to the latter. To solve it, he appeals to intuition or intuitionism. When promoting intuitionism, he carries forward the thought of Hutchison and Butler, and starts modern intuitionism ethics represented by Moore.

(2)Reflections on the coronavirus disease 2020: the power and significance of body politics

SUN Mu-yi ·16·

Body politics can be understood as a political rationality which takes the administration of life and populations as its subject.In this sense, combating epidemic is body politics. A state and its institutions should protect every single life and develop a new “I and Thou” relationship rather than simply ignore life or repeat mistakes made in history, for by no means is life a tool for politics or wealth production. Though this is the ideal of “One World”, it should also be given recognition in our time.

(3)Psychopathology in the post-ethical era: diagnosis and treatment

TAN Ji-zun ·24·

Like other epidemics, COVID-19 has torn apart the fabric of our society. It is not only a pathological test on the nature of social relations, but also an ideological test on the social ethics today. We find that pathology can be used to explain social situations, and accordingly provides a theoretical support for a healthy spiritual life. In fact, inspired by the phenomenology of mind, psychopathological method has been borrowed to investigate the origin of modernity by social theorists such as Weber and Baumann, and still works in the critical social theory of various dimensions. Scholars at home discuss the essence of the over-one-century spiritual transformation of the Chinese nation and its underlying reasons under the topic of the “post ethical era”. The “post ethics” is also the situation that the late modernity or the reflexive modernization must be faced with. To live a healthy spiritual life, we expect the “arrival” of both ethics and morality to reduce the uncertainties about our future.

(4)On the development of civic morality since the reform and opening up: a research based on two government documents

XU Zi-yan, HUANG Ming-li ·35·

The Chinese government has issued two official documents in relation to civic morality construction in the last two decades: Implementation Outline for Civic Morality Construction and Implementation Outline for Civic Morality Construction in the New Era. The reform and opening up has reshaped the mainstream idea of morality. The Implementation Outline of Civic Morality Construction issued in 2001 created a momentum for strengthening morality that prevailed across the country. The 20-character code of citizenship provided an important basis for the socialist core values at the individual level. As for the Outline for the Implementation of Citizen Moral Construction in the New Era, it emphasizes the internalization of faiths and core values to educate “a new young generation”.

(5)If “certainty” ends, where is science going?

CUI Dong-ming, SONG Jun-xiu ·41·

While scientists engaged in complexity research such as IIya Prigogine announced the end of “certainty” in the sense of determinism of Newtonian mechanics, they are seeking a "certainty". In Newtonian mechanics, “certainty” is sought by the law of individual objects that are moving on an orbit in an isolated static state; however, in the science of complexity, scientists seek “certainty” by taking the open system which is composed of components as object, studying the transmitting relations of energy and information between components and the behavior of component individuals, and revealing the mechanics of the whole system’s emergence, change, and creation, as well as the law of its evolution. Neither Newtonian mechanics nor the science of complexity is the final result of “certainty”, our exploration of it will never stop.

(6)The appearance and feeling of Yidao: an analysis of Xiang

DONG Chun ·49·

In the theory of Yi ology, Tao(道) and objects(器) are distinct but not separable from each other. Xi Ci states: “What is prior to physical form pertains to the Tao, and what is subsequent to physical form pertains to objects.” As the process of forming is image (象), images is the key to understanding Tao. But once the image is viewed by us, it turns into a thing under discussion and within limits. Therefore, we need to restore image through the activities of “damage and loss” in order to return to Tao, which is the process of “forgetting image”.

(7)The effect of cultural and economic development configuration on the level of national entrepreneurship: a research based on fsQCA

HU Han-hui, WANG Ying, MIAO Chao-nan ·55·

A knowledge of how the entrepreneurship in the national level is affected by the configuration effect of cultural and economic development helps us improve the entrepreneurship level. Studies have shown that cultural dimensions play various roles in entrepreneurial activities. This paper conducts a study by analyzing the 44 sample countries (regions) in OECD database. On the basis of Hofstede’s four cultural dimensions, it incorporates economic growth variables into the research framework and analyzes the complexity between different cultural dimensions and the influence effect of economic growth by using configuration thinking andfsQCA. It explores the multiple concurrent factors and causal complex mechanisms that influence the differences in entrepreneurship levels among countries, and analyzes the different configuration types of countries with and without high entrepreneurship. The study shows that there is a configuration path supporting high degree of entrepreneurship in high entrepreneurial countries: low power distance, high individualism and low uncertainty avoidance, among which the latter two are the core conditions. In non-high-entrepreneurial countries, there are three configuration paths that affect the leap in entrepreneurship level, among which high power distance and low individualism tendency are obstacles to the improvement of entrepreneurship level. These findings show that fostering the confidence culture and entrepreneurial spirit can be the key breakthrough in innovation and entrepreneurship.

(8)Can government public goods supply promote the upgrading of consumption structure?

SUN Guo-feng，ZHANG Si-yi ·65·

Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2017, the paper empirically studies the effect of public goods supply on the upgrading of consumption structure under government competition by using spatial durbin model and investigate “point-to-point spillover” by means of spatial lag explanatory variable model. We have the following results: (1) The increase in the proportion of direct productive public expenditure has an inhibitory effect on the consumption structure of local and neighboring areas; (2) Public expenditure has negative local and spillover effects on capital preference and competition; (3) The wealth distribution effect of public goods also hinders the upgrading of the consumption structure of residents in local and adjacent areas. (4) The spillover effect between east, middle and west region has a very clear spillover heterogeneity due to geographical location and economic similarity.

(9)Can marketization promote the upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry?

XIE Cheng-yang, LIU Meng ·75·

The deepening of marketization is not only an epitome of China’s economic reform but also an important institutional basis for promoting the upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry. Using a panel data of 106 listed manufacturing companies in China from 2004 to 2014, the paper explores the influence of the marketization on the upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry from two aspects: factor market and product market. We have the following results: (1) The lack of topenterprises and the technological gap of the low-end enterprises have bottlenecked the upgrading China’s manufacturing industry; (2) The deepening marketization of products and factors is conducive to the upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry, and the current influence of the product marketization is greater than that of the factor marketization; (3) The deepening marketization weakens the promotion effect of enterprise’s resource raising ability on industrial upgrading but amplifies the promotion effect of enterprise’s innovation fund. Based on the results, this paper offers suggestions on how to boost the marketization and promote the upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry.

(10)A study on objective imputation from the perspective of functionalism: a focus on special cognition

SUN Yun-liang ·85·

According to objective imputation theory, the purpose of its normative analysis is to eliminate the penalties of behaviors that do not create danger. Therefore, we should adhere to the perspective of pre-observation, and consider the special cognition of the actor in the light of a prudent ordinary person. If the actor has special cognition, he can foresee the development of the causal process and objectively dominate it, and his behavior creates a danger beyond legal limits. From the perspective of functionalism, there is no clear-cut boundary between subjective and objective elements. Adhering to the functionalist perspective, the objective imputation theory attempts to adjust the subjective and objective marking. Although the special cognition of the actor has long been positioned as a subjective element, it can play a role in determining the judgment data of objective imputation. Special cognition itself is not the basis of judgment; rather it is a selective criterion that determines which parts of objective facts can be the basis of judgment. In the context of emphasizing value judgment, if value measurement requires consideration of subjective elements in the objective imputation, then we should not keep within the subjective and objective boundaries.

(11)The evolution of the concept of intellectual property from the AI perspective

YANG Yan-chao ·98·

Intellectual property (IP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are closely related. As an unprecedented scientific and technological innovation, AI is redefining the concept of intellectual property. The subjects of IP change. With the aid of AI, anyone can be an “artist” but not necessarily the owner of intellectual property right. “Imagination” will become the necessary condition for the subject of intellectual property.The object of intellectual property right changes too, including the definition of “novelty” and “creativity” of the object. So does the concept of intellectual property right itself; the importance of “copy right" will be replaced by individualized creation. On top of that, the legal principles behind intellectual property law will change accordingly. It will be a long and dynamic process before we are able to define intellectual property right from the perspective of AI. This study is expected to improve the legal system of intellectual property right in this regard.

(12)Judgment and responsibility for product defects of intelligent and connected vehicles

YANG Jie ·107·

The application of intelligent technology is gradually transforming the automobile from a mechanical products operated by human beings to an intelligent product controlled by electronic information system. Intelligent and connected vehicles (ICVs) are an integration of hardware, software and service. Before the unmanned driving comes true, the dynamic driving task fallback will lead to a dilemma of the handover of operation control right, which will result in a special product defect of ICVs. Regarding the defect identification of ICV products, it is necessary to limit the scope of inherent product hazards, clarify the warning obligations of product safety risks, provide technical standards, and use the malfunction doctrine. Two kinds of situations caused by ICVs defects may occur frequently in the future. One is that a potential danger of ICVs is identified by drivers although there is no obvious damage, and the other is that the defects of automated driving system cause damage to ICVs themselves. It is conducive to eliminating the danger caused by ICV products quickly by claiming the remedy in tort law to ICV manufacturers.

(13)Fiscal decentralization, local government behavior bias and loss of public service efficiency: evidence from the supply of cultural services

LIU Fei，YANG Pan-lin，WANG Xin-liang ·115·

This paper divides local government behavior into investment, income and institutional bias behavior, and discusses the internal mechanism of the loss of public service supply efficiency caused by excessive fiscal decentralization. Taking the public cultural services that reflect people’s developmental needs as an example, it constructs a dynamic panel model: by using SYS-GMM estimation method for empirical verification. The results are as follows: (1) There is an inverted “U” relationship between fiscal decentralization and the efficiency of public cultural service supply, and under the goal of maximizing the efficiency of public cultural service supply, there is an optimal fiscal decentralization boundary; (2)The optimal fiscal decentralization boundary has the regional characteristics of “high in developed regions and low in underdeveloped regions”, and the moderate fiscal decentralization scope of the superior area of governance capability is also larger than that of the disadvantaged area; (3) Fiscal decentralization affects the efficiency of public cultural service supply through local government behavior: moderate decentralization can correct the biased behavior of government, and then improve the efficiency of public cultural service supply, but when the decentralization is excessive, the local government investment, income and institutional behavior will be biased, resulting in the loss of public cultural service supply efficiency.

(14)A study on language services in public emergencies

WANG Ling, CHEN Xin-ren ·126·

Language service is indispensablein the national emergency management system. In this paper, we conduct a case study on the nature, characteristics and elements of language emergency services. The results show that language service for public emergencies is a special type of language service, characterized by timeliness of service, open consistency of content and the “warm color” of service. The interaction between its three elements of subjects, products and clients guarantees the service efficiency.

(15)A study on the “Eight Friends of Zhushan” and their painting art of the “New Famille Rose Porcelain” from the perspective of art economics

REN Hua-dong ·132·

The “NewFamille Rose Porcelain” of the “Eight Friends of Zhushan” in Jingdezhen has an enormous importance in the history of Chinese ceramic painting in the 20thcentury. This paper attempts to explore its social and historical context by discussing the achievements of “Eight Friends of Zhushan” from the angle of art economics. We suggest that their accomplishments resulted from the booming market in the period of the Republic of China as well as their unremitting efforts, such as the revival of the porcelain trade, and the rise of “art porcelain without monopoly”, “new-style red shops”, Shanghai and “School of Shanghai Painting”.

(16)Teaching methods of classical Chinese poetry for non-Chinese speakers

LIU Xiao-ling ·140·

Culture and language are the two obstacles for non-Chinese speakers to enjoy classical Chinese poetry. This paper gives three suggestions on overcoming the obstacles: (1) Discuss the poems’ emotion (qing, 情) and nature (xing, 性); (2) Teach the effective reading strategy; (3) Explain the meaning of poems by introducing the concept of reader-media in cross-cultural reading.

(17)Student Council in the Central University under the leadership of CCP in the War of Liberation

JIANG Li-li, GU Jin-liang ·147·

In the period of the Republic of China,Student Council was an important student group for affairs and activities in the institutions of higher learning in China. An investigation of Student Council in the Central University shows that university students’ fate closely linked to the vicissitudes of the Chinese nation in that eventful period. In the War of Liberation in particular, Student Council in the Central University under the leadership of CCP started campaigns for patriotism, thus playing a pioneering role in the new-democratic revolution.