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淡泊宁静走河桥

2020-07-20陈利生

文化交流 2020年7期
关键词:河桥浙西老街

陈利生

浙江临安昌化当地流传一句话:“小小昌化县,大大河桥镇。”柳溪江穿过河桥镇,河水无声地流淌着。如今,镇上的人们依然过着依山而作、傍水而息的平静日子。但那沉淀在岁月深处的繁华,却成为河桥历史中抹不去的绝色风情。

“三千舟船泊古埠,舷歌对唱闹浙西”。这里,曾经商贾云集,酒旗招展,碧波秀水之上,曾驶过胡雪岩庞大的船队;这里,曾是徽州直通杭州的水路码头,商船竞发,帆影如云,有“浙西秦淮”之美誉;这里,作为浙西北抗战的大后方,曾经撑起一个安宁的世外桃源……这就是作为省级历史文化保护区的河桥古镇。

出杭州,沿杭徽高速一路向西,约80公里至昌化,再南行8公里,便来到了这座山环水绕、绿树掩映的江南古镇。婉约的柳溪,古朴的老街,远离尘世喧嚣,透出老镇的宁静与素雅……闲步在河桥老街,或是钻进小弄,总能与一个个历史的印记“偶遇”。那曾经的沧桑与繁华,犹如泛黄的憧憧影像,接踵而至,却历久弥新。

比县城还牛的小镇

河桥古镇位于杭州临安,因河多桥多而得名。境内自然物产丰富,生态环境优美,拥有柳溪江漂流、瑞晶石花洞两个国家AAAA级景区,是一方富丽奇特的宝地。

昌化当地流传一句话:“小小昌化县,大大河桥镇。”镇怎么会比县还大?故事要追溯到明朝嘉靖年间。当时的昌化县名为唐昌,下设四镇。其中河桥镇坐落于蒲溪、昌南溪、昌化溪三水交汇处,三溪自此变宽汇入分水江,直通钱塘江,独特的地理优势让河桥成为浙西商贾云集的重镇,繁华远远在昌化之上。

1200多年前,也就是唐玄宗“安史之乱”时期,有一户汪姓人家为避战乱,从安徽出发,扶老携幼千里辗转流落到了昌化。此时的他们,因一路的奔波早已人困马乏。就在几近末路的时候,发现此地高山环绕,水土肥美,山川秀丽,一片祥和之景,遂决定在此繁衍生息。

就这样,一场战乱竟无意间揭开了河桥千年历史的开端。而汪家,也一定无法预料到在接下来的岁月中,这个地处高山之中的小镇会演绎出怎样的繁华。

到了明嘉靖年时,河桥因“邑水口形胜,商务独冠唐昌”被列为唐昌四镇之首。清《康熙志·河桥形胜记》中也有记载:“唐昌之南五都,距县治之南十五里曰河桥,邑之首镇也。”河桥也就有了“唐昌首镇”的名声。

千余年来,有洪、胡、潘、沈、程等姓氏的人从安徽和浙江德清武康等地相继迁居至河桥,置地造屋、建桥铺路、繁衍子孙。一户户人家相继扎根于此,河桥渐渐地热闹了起来。后历经更迭,到清代形成了如今的千米长街,以至有“河桥一带,几里许,烟火不下千家”的盛况。

如今的河桥,依旧是以清末民初的徽派民居为主,中间夹杂了一些民国时期的建筑,基本保留了古镇的原貌。老街东西走向,两头各有一座城门,城门头有石刻,上书“唐昌首镇”,至今在圆洞城门上方赫然可见。一条长街上,弯弯曲曲的街道,高高低低的房檐,镇即是街,街便是镇。一条“太平沟”横亘在时光里静静流淌,似乎停留在了千百年前的某一天。

据《临安县志》载,抗日战争时期,河桥全镇有“山船143艘,船民408人,泊舟多时达四五百号”,足见当年水运的繁荣。直到1969年,洪水导致水道淤塞,水陆停航,河桥也逐渐进入了静寂岁月。

柳溪江穿镇而过,河水无声地流淌着。如今,镇上的人们依然过着依山而作、傍水而息的平静日子。但那沉淀在岁月深处的繁华,却成为河桥历史中抹不去的绝世风情。

架于溪水之上的老木桥,磨得锃亮的石板路,炊烟中高高昂起的马头墙,从楼板下伸出的石阶,在埠头上浣洗的村妇,长满青苔的水渠,精美雕花的窗棂……一幅不经雕琢的原生态江南山乡风俗图,正徐徐向我们展开。

排屋门、石板路、太平沟、石灰桥、老店号、木帆船、古城门、河埠头、庙会、寺观、古树、茶楼、酒肆……这些散落在街角的斑驳旧迹,让河桥老街古风依旧,仿佛可以触摸到岁月深处的脉络。

街上嬉耍追逐的孩童、五颜六色的遮阳伞、人头攒动的游客,与“黛瓦粉壁马头墙,回廊挂落花格窗”的老宅混杂在一起,让人不禁产生一种历史与现实的时空交错感。

据载,民国时期的河桥老街,商铺林立,有被誉为清末以来第一店的“胡生记”南北杂货店,经营食盐的“老盐店”,专营酒类酱菜的“陈德顺”,专营黄烟的“余义泰”,药店“胡德龙”“物育堂”、“惠元堂”等,还有水作坊、灯笼店、铁匠铺、轿行、木行等等,不一而足。近千米的街巷弥漫着蚕茧、生丝、药材的幽香。

一家紧挨一家的店铺,都秉承着谦恭而守规矩的徽商遗风,无论掌柜还是伙计,无不温和文静,举止有礼,热情而不过于拉客,交谈而不太多地寒暄。也许是默守祖宗传承的店规商道,日子过得安逸而清净。

如今,这些老字号大都已被历史湮灭。不过,我们仍能从排门院墙、明堂天井、雕梁画栋等残存的历史碎片里,依稀看出当年的气派与辉煌。

不仅如此,来往此间的商船还带来了来自西方的身影。1935年,传教士在这里建造了耶稣教堂,而今仍是镇上基督信徒做礼拜的地方。繁荣的贸易,中西交融的文化,让河桥赢得了“小上海”之美誉。

战争年代的老街故事

缓步于老街的石板路上,你会惊奇地发现,自己的脚下居然隐藏着一条清水潺潺、游鱼可数的水渠。它静静地穿行在石板下,每隔几十米,便露一下头,开出一个口子。当地居民介绍说,这条沟唤做“奥沟”,古称“太平官沟”,现在称“太平沟”。它从石壁湾缓缓流来,就这样一如既往千古不变地流淌着,让街民饮用、洗刷,同时起到灌溉、消防等作用。它还与大户人家的明堂相连,给家中鱼池注入了活水。

穿过街道小弄堂,在背街的南面,沿窄窄的河堤缓缓而行,见到的又是另外一种风景:山峦田野、石堰木桥、沙石游鱼、群鸭游弋,湿漉漉的竹筏慵懒地躺在浅滩上。

古老的河桥曾弥漫过战争的硝烟。这里曾发生数次战事,留下了中美合作医院旧址、浙西三中旧址、抗战誓师碑、昌南钱糧店板壁血迹弹孔、钱向钧烈士墓等抗战文物遗迹。

抗战爆发,沪杭沦陷,周边邻县民不聊生。唯有河桥因位于群山茂林之中,几乎没有受到炮火的侵扰。彼时,大批青年学子随浙西三中迁来河桥就读。同时众多军队和行署机构在河桥驻扎,更有浙西行署修械厂,为抗战生产快慢机枪和轻机枪、弹筒和枪榴弹、大刀和刺刀等,并仿照“德国造”“日本造”的做法,全部打上“河桥造”的标记,为小镇书写上血与火的一笔。此时的河桥,不仅是浙西北商贸文教中心,更是军事中心。

沿着印满岁月痕迹的石板路走向弄堂深处,可见一座中西合璧的小洋楼。门前有小院围墙,地上还铺了菊花图案的卵石,从形制格局到雕花装饰,都与之前所见的排门店铺迥异,自然引起了大伙的兴趣。

现任房主胡先生告诉我们,这洋楼名叫“逸庐”,是民国初年建造的,原主人姓陈,河桥人都尊称他“伯贤先生”,是当地有名的医生。20世纪五六十年代,许多人都慕名前来找陈先生看病,足见其医术高明。物是人非,今日的“逸庐”被当作了养蚕房。据说,陈先生在从医之前,也曾务农养蚕。如此说来倒也颇有意思。

回味着河桥老街的故事,不知不觉间,千米古街已经走到了尽头。或许,要探得古镇的真颜,并不是走马观花就能做到的,需要停下匆匆的脚步,就着柔柔的阳光,细细地咀嚼一番……

“浙西美人河”柳溪江

河桥因战乱而生,因水而兴。

三溪于此地交汇成柳溪江,在小镇边蜿蜒而过,独特的水陆优势使河桥成为盛极一时的浙西商贾重镇。鼎盛时期,这里是浙西最大的药材集散地,樯帆穿梭,人来车往。最热闹时,多达260余艘的木帆船从河桥中街的杨家埠头一直泊到柳溪江面上,船只“一”字排开,蔚为壮观。“河桥有街、河边有船、河中有排”,是古镇河桥一幅别致的风景画。街上随处可见装着竹木柴炭的担子,挑夫们则坐在一边的青石板上等着买主来问价。刚刚上岸的船工伙计,还来不及擦干腿上的水珠就忙不迭地走进酒店,大碗喝酒大块吃肉,好不快活。

繁荣的经济催生了小镇独特的文化,商船和战火都没有让老街失去自己的习俗。至今,这里还保留着灯会、庙会等传统的民俗。每年农历七月十五,河桥人便会做“盂兰盆会”,请僧人做道场,演“目連戏”放水灯。每逢放水灯,老街上一灯接一灯,群灯聚会,闹得古镇红红火火,令人目不暇接。为纪念五代时杭州太守柯宁在河桥治水的功德,这里每年农历十月十二日都会举行“庙会”,四面八方的人不约而同来到河桥,进行物资交流,热闹非凡。

当苍凉的往事凋零,成队的商船渐行渐远,隐匿在山水间的河桥仍然淡泊而安宁着。

河桥给人的印象,总是离不开水的身影。水是河桥的精灵,水一般的恬静悠然,水一般的清新温润,是河桥最具魅力的符号。

在神秘的临安版图上,在森林和群山的环抱中,汩汩地流淌着一条自然和历史相互辉映、风光和风情和谐统一的惊艳之河,那就是有着“浙西美人河”之誉的河桥柳溪江。因为她的存在,“九山缺水一分田”的临安旅游板块,便显得绰约多姿、丰润饱满,群山环峙、原始神秘的浙西,才多了一份湿润、一份滋养、一份灵气。

柳溪江是昌化溪下游在河桥境内一段的别称,柳溪是因为它南岸连绵的柳相山而得名,全长约15公里。被誉为“浙西第一漂”的竹筏漂流河段位于云浪大桥和双溪大桥之间,长约3.5公里。据《临安县志》记载:“柳溪江,为邑之众汇,上下三十里,俗名其上曰小柳,两石对捍,势如建瓶而下,中曰柯相公潭,深不可测,下曰大柳,巨石参差,屹乎中流,湍激汹涌,声若迅雷,仿佛吕梁峡,亦奇观也。可泛舫通贾货,俗曰梭船,遇久雨大涨,则莫敢行矣!”又载:“柳溪,沙明水净,游鱼可数,而无飞湍激濑之声,潭曰浴仙,相传为何仙姑浴后澄清而香,故称香溪。”

江上的仙姑岛晒布岩,又是一个十分神秘的去处。岩壁陡峭,山道奇险,加上长年云雾缥缈,恰似仙境再现,恍若梦游天堂。这里还流传着一个何仙姑架桥的传说。那方长200米、高80米的巨大石壁,老远就能看见。游船靠埠,拾级而上,即可见苏东坡题“晒布岩”三字的门楼。“苏公题字晒布岩”因此而得名。

穿过登山长廊和林间小道,可在“东坡亭”小憩。亭柱上有一楹联:“人未放归东北路,天教看尽浙西山。”这是当年苏公与同窗好友、於潜县令毛国华共游柳溪江时写下的诗句。

古镇,躺在河边;老街,流着岁月。河桥的风情,美在她的清淡寻常,美在她的恬静自然。这样一座文气漫漫的典雅古镇,一个未被商业气息沾染的风情古镇,谁不愿意多停留一刻?

(本文图片摄影 许立强)

Ethereal Elegance:A Promenade in Heqiao Town

By Chen Lisheng

The former hustle and bustle of Heqiao, a small town in the western outskirts of Hangzhou (in the territory of Linan), is a colorful montage of business prosperity and scenic beauty. The town was once dubbed the “Qinhuai River in western Zhejiang” and served as a peaceful hideaway in the years of Chinas War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression during World War II.

The driving route from downtown Hangzhou to the town is about 80 km on the Hangzhou-Huizhou Expressway and about another eight kilometers from Changhua toward the south. An aimless stroll in the town ensures endless aesthetic surprises and historic findings.

Heqiao, as the name suggests, is strewn with rivers and bridges. The town has two national scenic areas (Liuxi River Rafting and Ruijing Stone Flowers Cave, the latter known for its spectacular lava landscape).

In the Jiajing years of Ming dynasty (1368-1644) Heqiao was one of the four towns under the jurisdiction of Changhua. The towns location at the junction of three rivers streaming down into the Qiantang River drew merchants from all over the places, making the town a bustling business hub.

The An-Shi Rebellion in the Xuanzong years of Tang (618-907) brought in many war refugees desperate for a hideaway. They finally settled down in Changhua, without knowing it was just the beginning of the prosperity of the blessed land they called homestead. In subsequent dynasties, more and more people came here from Anhui and Wukang for a peaceful life. More houses and bridges appeared. The result was a spectacular view of Qing-style architecture and a thousand-meter-long riverside street sizzling with vendors hawking and smoke from kitchen chimneys. People today can envision the heyday of the town from the stone inscription at one of the two city gates that reads “the number one town”.

The water transport convenience of the town brought in hundreds of boats during World War Two years, according to the .

The nail of the towns coffin was the flood in 1969 that silted up the water tunnels. The towns dizzying colors and glory became dust-laden. Today, as you stroll along the withering arcades of riverside houses, through shady courtyards, you can relive the noise and laughter that was once here. The bustling past of Heqiao is beyond the imagination of todays people.

The towns natural phase-out is probably a good thing for travelers today. A promenade along the banks of babbling streams, through mossy footpaths, passing women busy doing laundry at the quays, and admiring exquisite flourishes on window panes, you feel as if you were time traveling back to the good, old days when the town served the coming-and-goings of visitors and neer-do-wells interacting with local groceries, temples, teahouses, wine places, etc. The voice of the past is still there, real and tangible.

The towns lifeline is a crystal clear canal streaming down as if from the prehistoric times. Walk through the winding alleys southwards, along the narrow dikes, you will find a new view of rolling mountains in the distance, bamboo rafts and frolicking ducks cruising the water.

In the depths of the town, various sites such as remnants of war-time hospitals, schools, and rice shops with bullet holes remind people today of the war flames that were once here. In the years when people in Shanghai and Hangzhou had no means to live after the fall of the two cities, Heqiao became a haven for students, factories and troops. The towns revolutionary past is inscribed into the guns, canisters, grenades and bayonets with the label of “manufactured in Heqiao”.

Throughout its history Heqiao has been thriving on waters. In its prime periods, it was the largest drug distribution center in western Zhejiang Province. The sizzling scene of buyers interacting with local dealers once brought in as many as 260 sailboats berthing on the Liuxi River. The towns custom and habits still observed today include “Penlan Festival”. The locals release lanterns on the water for the mid-summer revelry in commemoration of the flood control deeds of He Ning, who served as prefecture chief of Hangzhou in the Five Dynasties.

Water is the soul of Heqiao, and the synonym of the town. Liuxi River is so cherished by the locals that it is called the “beauty river of western Zhejiang”. The 15-km stretch, nestling at the foot of Liuxiangshan Mountain, includes a 3.5-km section that is ideal for rafting. For the more intrepid, the rafting site here ensures a truly thrilling experience.

Encapsulated in the misty Shaibu Peak is the beautiful legend of a female celestial. On a gigantic rock and at the Dongpo Pavilion, you can see the legacy of Su Dongpo and how the poet was once carried away by the ethereal scenery and soothing peace here.

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