小学英语复习教学低效现象分析及实践研究
2020-03-03钟沁
钟 沁
(无锡市蠡园中心小学,江苏无锡,214072)
一、基于整体视角,提炼教学主线
类话题单元一般由两个邻近的存在共同话题的单元组成,与教材中独立的Project单元相比,类话题单元相当于Mini Project。两个单元知识点纷繁复杂,如果缺乏主题情境,复习就变成零散活动的简单堆砌,不利于学生建构与该话题相关的语言知识体系。另外,频繁切换学生关注的重点,容易使学生被教师牵着鼻子走,思维的连贯性和完整性得不到培养和提高。
以译林版英语6B Unit 2 Good habits和Unit 3 A healthy diet为例。上课伊始,教师设置悬念3H,利用思维导图回忆复述U2主人公Liu Tao和Wang Bing的习惯,通过游戏对习惯进行好坏和类别两个维度的区分,揭示Living habits和Learning habits。随后引入U3主人公Mike和Yang Ling关于Living habits和Learning habits的自编短文,在文本中操练巩固语法知识点。紧接着,以图片和关键词为支架,激活学生对Mike和Yang Ling两人Healthy diets的语言图示,有效复习U3的语言知识,自然点出Eating habits,完成对3H概念的逐条解读和定义,并鼓励学生成为3H学生,养成好的生活、学习、饮食习惯,自然生成本节课的情感目标。
T:Look,the boy is Wang Bing. Do you remember Wang Bing’s habits?(出示思维导图,开火车一人一句)
Ss:Wang Bing is a good boy. He gets up early and never goes to bed late. He brushes his teeth in the morning and before bedtime. Wang Bing always puts his things in order and he usually finishes his homework before dinner.
T:What about Wang Bing’s good friend Liu Tao?Let’s continue. Here are some key words.(出示关键词,小组说)
Ss:Liu Tao listens to his teacher carefully at school. At home,he keeps his room clean and tidy. He also helps his parents. But Liu Tao often does his homework late at night and goes to bed late. He sometimes feels sleepy in the morning.
T:Just now,we reviewed Wang Bing and Liu Tao’s habits,they are both good students. Mike and Yang Ling are good students too. What about their habits?(阅读文本,完成相关练习)
T:Now we know their living habits and learning habits. How about their diets?(点出生活和学习习惯,复习饮食习惯)
T:Now,if you have good living habits(1H),good learning habits(2H),good eating habits(3H),you can be a 3H student. Are you a 3H student?(揭示3H)
为了能让两个单元的主题有机结合,方便学生在头脑中提纲挈领、拎出主线,教师把握和提炼出共性话题“习惯”,确定教学内容和目标是关于三个习惯的言语表达和综合运用。以习惯为话题主线,以人物为话题暗线,对教材中两个单元的内容进行补充和再构。在揭示3H的内涵的过程中,学生慢慢积累认知,逐步对好习惯使人终身受益由衷地产生情感上的认同。
二、挖掘教材资源,精简辅助形式
教材各单元内独立板块的活动内容和形式比较简单,但这些活动都将为最后的语言运用实践做准备。学生长时间的简单模仿和重复学习必将造成语言能力缺失和语言运用障碍,如果教师能够深度挖掘和利用课本素材,将课本中这些独立、零散的活动合理对接,再加上一个合乎情节发展的前因后果,比起大篇幅选用课外素材来辅助教学,不仅省时省力,而且更能精简教学辅助形式,优化课堂教学。
以译林版英语5B Unit 3 Asking the way和Unit 4 Seeing the doctor为例。整合类话题单元的话题内容,设置Su Hai和Mike都生病了要去医院的情境,在地图上呈现Su Hai家、Mike家与医院的位置关系,设置Listen and draw和Design and say两个教学活动。通过Su Hai家到医院路线的听力,重温Unit 3 Asking the way中所学的问路、指路方式。通过与同桌讨论Mike家到医院的两条路线并选择一种写下来,实际操练问路、指路方式。顺利完成这两项任务后,Su Hai和Mike到达医院就诊,情境自然串联到Unit 4 Seeing the doctor,生成了完整延续的教学情境。分诊时,确定两人的病症并选择合适的诊室时复习疾病的表达。在寻找相关诊室时,呈现医院平面图后再次设计路线选择。基于之前的复习,学生此时已掌握用英语做事情能力。教学情境随着故事的发展不断推进,在诊断过程中复习should和shouldn’t的用法,并在人物和场景变化时,正确地辨别、阅读、叙述、介绍各种疾病并给予合理的建议。
T:Su Hai and Mike are both ill. They need to go to hospital. Listen and draw the way.(听清Su Hai去医院的路线并在图中画出来)
T:What about Mike?He has two choices. Work in pairs and write down your way.(两人小组,选择一条路线进行讨论,并把文字内容写下来)
T:Su Hai has a headache and a fever. Mike has a toothache. How can they get to the right room?(两人一组,一人扮演Mike,一人扮演nurse,用所给语言支架,选择其中一条路线说一说)
T:What will the doctor say?
S1:Su Hi should have a rest at home,take some medicine and drink some warm water. She shouldn’t drink cold water.
S2: Mike should brush teeth in the morning and before bedtime. He shouldn’t eat too many sweets.
教师努力培养并逐步具备“用教材教”的能力,在正确解读新课标和教材、深刻理解编者的设计意图、综合考虑学生的认知水平后,根据自身的教学目标和要求,找准情境之间的联结点,巧妙剪辑、对接、串联、嫁接类话题单元的课本情境,创设贴近生活、有实际意义的语境,这对学生听、说、读、写、演等能力的培养有重要指导意义。
三、巧用绘本教学,融入角色体验
复习课的内容往往多而散,要想做到尽量面面俱到并让复习课堂妙趣横生,将要复习的知识点串联成一个完整的绘本故事是一个不错的选择。一个连贯完整、贴近生活、符合逻辑的绘本故事不仅能带给学生乐趣,还能帮助学生在语言环境中直观理解和强化记忆重点词句、语篇。
以译林版英语5B Unit 4 Seeing the doctor为例。在复习Story time中Mike和Su Hai的情况后,引出Tim生病不能和Mike一同出游的情境,创编关于Tim的绘本,将本单元询问病症、描述病情、追究病因和医生建议等环节中所需要的知识点全部整合到绘本中。教师由扶到放,让学生借助故事复习“How do you feel?What should he do?He feels...”等主要句型。在绘本生成中,让学生借助故事主要情景,有感情地朗读、有兴趣地表演,帮助学生提升语言能力。完成绘本后,让学生为绘本设计一个标题,鼓励学生改编、续编、创编故事,在角色体验中获得情感上的认同。
呈现Tim与Mum的对话,文中提到“Tim has a headache and he feels cold.”。
T:Why is Tim ill?Let’s care about Tim.
呈现以下文本:Tim likes sports very much. He always plays basketball with his friends after school. He runs and jumps in the playground. He feels very hot and tired. First,he sits on the ground. Next,he takes off his shirt and trousers. Then,he takes off his shoes and socks. Finally,he has a cold drink.
T:What should he do?What shouldn’t he do?Please give him some advice.
T:The next day,Tim still feels ill. He has to go to see the doctor. Guess what will they talk?Please act.
两人小组,一人扮演医生,一人扮演Tim,表演看病场景,适当发挥想象力,配上丰富的表情和动作,使对话内容更加生动。
T:Tim doesn’t go to school. His friends are very worried about him. What’s wrong with Tim?
分小组讨论并补全绘本,绘本设计如下:
Page1:Tim likes sports very much. He often plays basketball with his friends after school. They cheer for Tim.(配图:Tim正在打篮球,同伴们为他加油)Cool!Wow!He...
Page2:He takes off his jacket,... and trousers.(配图:Tim大汗淋漓地瘫坐在篮球架下,脱掉衣服,大口喝凉水)Oh,...I ...
Page3:Tim is at home. He doesn’t look well.(配图:Mum在关心并询问Tim的情况)How ...?I...
Page4:The next day,Tim still feels bad. He has to see the doctor.(配图:Mum带着Tim就诊。)What’s the matter?I... What... do?He should... He shouldn’t...
Page5:Tim feels good now. He goes to school with his brother.(配图:Mike牵着Tim去上学)I like going to school. I don’t want to... again.
学生补全、美化、制作完绘本后,为自己的绘本添上名字,如Naughty Tim。小组成员朗读并演绎绘本,回家后与家长或朋友交流分享。
这一课例主要是让学生在教师的引导下先激活并综合已有的语言知识,以故事发展顺序为依托,在了解和梳理绘本故事情节的过程中,利用教师巧妙设计的语言支架,在发挥学习积极性和主动性的前提下,更多地输出目标语言。教师在对绘本逐页解读时,一定要注意把学习的权力赋予学生,及时撤除学习支架,让学生主动建构、自觉内化。教师还要权衡好用于绘本制作与语言实践的时间配比,给学生的语言展示活动留有充足的时间,在小组合作、同伴互助的学习模式下,做到语言技能、实践操作、思维品质三不误、三提升。
总之,教师在设计英语复习课时始终要把提高学生语言综合运用能力、培养学生用英语做事情的能力放在首位,不断研读教材,大胆创新尝试,积极实践探讨,根据复习知识类别、学生学情差异、资源整合情况,设计、开发出有价值、有乐趣、有体验、有思想的小学英语高效优质复习模式。