English Contents and Abstracts

1.TheConceptoftheInternationalCommunicationofNanjingMassacre’sCulturalMemoryandItsInternalLogic

LiXin(4)

Nanjing Massacre was a wartime atrocity committed by Japanese invaders during WWII. In terms of the international communication of Nanjing Massacre’s cultural memories, it is the basic concept and approach to solve issues such as “communicate to whom”, “how to communicate”, “communicate on what type of position” and “the ultimate goal of communication” by analyzing the target audience, eliminating the interference, seeking consensus and defining the individual accountability for the moral obligation . The fact that these issues connected internally and interacted as both cause and effect not only represents the development process of Nanjing Massacre’s cultural memory from the national one to that of mankind, but also implies the studies on Nanjing Massacre from its special significance to the universal meaning. The internal logic of Nanjing Massacre’s cultural memory goes from “special” to “general” and from individual to group, attributing the responsibility of maintaining world peace to individuals. Nowadays in the building of a community of shared future for mankind, only by recognizing the individual’s role in the group can people take action, assume the individual moral responsibilities, resist the temptation and coercion with ulterior motives, and always maintain moral self-discipline and introspection till the eventual achievement of peace and development for all mankind.

2.BuildingTransnationalMemory:The“ComfortWomen”MemorialsintheUnitedStates

QiuPeipei(14)

During the Asia-Pacific War (1931-1945), the Japanese military forced hundreds of thousands of women into “comfort stations,” where they were brutally raped and tortured. However, for the women who suffered the unspeakable sexual violence, the end of the war failed to bring justice, and the postwar climate kept the survivors in silence for decades. This situation started to change in 1980s, when women’s groups, human rights activists and researchers began to investigate this dark phase of history. Their fight for the justice for the victims of the Japanese military sexual slavery eventually developed into an international movement that transcended the borders of the nation-states. This paper examines the “comfort women” memorials established in the United States in recent years. Through investigating the processes of building the “comfort women” memorials in different parts of the country, it explores how these memorials emerged as part of a grassroots movement for building a transnational memory of the “comfort women,” and how the civic society organizations successfully placed the “comfort women” issue in the broader contemporary context, such as human rights, sex trafficking, postcolonial historical consciousness, and Me Too Movement, making the memorials powerful sites for the education of history and human rights.

3.TheILOCommitteeofExperts’DeliberationandJudgmentofthe“ComfortWomen”Issue

WangYuqiang(27)

The legal solution to “comfort women” issue is to confirm the legal responsibility of the Japanese government, on which the Japanese government apologize to and compensate those victims. However, the Japanese government repeatedly claimed that this issue had been resolved through the Treaty of San Francisco and agreements with other countries, therefore denied its violation of international law and the corresponding legal responsibility. Since 1996, the ILO Committee of Experts has continued to review the issue of “comfort women” and ruled that Japan violated Convention No. 29. It also advised Japan to solve the issue of compensation for victims. The ongoing deliberation and authoritative judgment of the ILO Committee of Experts regarding the "comfort women" is crucial to counter Japanese government’s claims of “Legal Settlement” and “Legal Irresponsibility” on this issue.

4.OntheBodyDiscourseofthe“ComfortWomen”—themedDocumentaryLiterature

HuangWenkai(37)

From WWII to the 1990s, “comfort women” as individual narratives combining multiple vulnerable identities were almost in a state of silence, which was squeezed to the bottom by the narrative of mainstream war history, and became “voiceless”. Driven by the global feminist movement, the status quo of the silence of “comfort women” was broken, and the “comfort women”—themed documentary literature gradually increased. In the narrative of this literature genre, their “body” was frequently under the overall control of violence by the Japanese army, and “comfort women” suffered a lot from the postwar social and self-deprecation. Bearing the physical and psychological trauma from the violence of the Japanese army, male and patriarchal society, they created the possibility of recounting their sufferings through the body discourse in the dilemma of witnessing, resisting the stigma and narrating the war violence of the Japanese army.

5.IdeologicalWarfareofJapanese“Housewives”:KoizumiKikue’sManchurianGirl

LiWei(48)

Koizum Kikue’sManchurianGirl, published in 1938, mainly tells the story of “educating” a Chinese maid by a Japanese “housewife ” during her stay in China. The girl “Guiyu” who originally had a strong anti-Japanese consciousness was transformed into a “Keiko” who loved Japan and worshiped the Mikado. From the perspective of the “housewife” Koizumi Kikue’s ideological motives of creating theManchurianGirl, generalizing the specific indoctrination mode of “housewives” and analyzing the external factors including the Kwantung Army, the Japanese Ministry of Education, magazines and critics that facilitated the “sensational effect” of the book , we can find thatManchurianGirlhas both the “external/internal” dual effect of ideological warfare within its text. Outside the text, the process of its production and dissemination shows us the “two-way/chain” mode of ideological warfare under the combined influence of multi-forces during the Japanese invasion of China.

6.TheBeiyangGovernment’sResponsetotheMaritimeTerritorialDisputesintheBohaiSeaArea:FocusingontheSino-JapaneseFisheryDisputes

ChaiPenghui(60)

Bohai Sea has been China’s inland sea since ancient times, but lack of international law demarcation. Since the Japanese occupation of Lyushun-Dalian area at the late Qing Dynasty, some Japanese have begun fishing illegally in Bohai Sea , which triggered the disputes over the maritime domain of Bohai Sea between China and Japan. Japan misinterpreted the international law and applied the law of the common coastal territorial sea to the gulf, indicating that three sea miles away from the shore of Bohai Sea shall be seen as the high seas. China insisted that the Bohai Sea belonged to China’s territorial waters and with the deepened understanding of modern maritime domain theories, Beiyang government, according to international laws and international conventions, made the principle of delimiting the maritime domain of Bohai Sea and turned it into practices, confirming that the entire Bohai Sea is China’s territorial waters, which is the transition process of China’s concept of maritime domain from the traditional to the modern one . To safeguard the maritime domain of the Bohai Sea, the Beiyang Government adopted the policy of diplomatic negotiations supported by the protection of military forces, but failed to achieve the desired effects due to the external negative factors and internal implementation problems. The dispute is an important part of the struggle between modern China and Japan.

7.“Q”ReportandtheJapaneseInvaders’BacterialWarfare

ZhouLiyan(69)

After WWII，by exempting Japanese war criminals of bacterial warfare from prosecution as a bargaining chip, America acquired a large number of research data on the bacterial warfare and one of them was “Q” Report. In 1940, many people died when the Japanese bacteriological forces released plague virus into areas of Changchun, Nongan and Dalai. Afterwards, the Japanese bacterial forces carried out human anatomy of 57 victims who died of plague virus infection, did the pathological research and analysis on 20 types of human organs such as heart and liver, and then concluded that plague virus was the “best type of bomb”. After that, the Japanese army conducted plague operations in Ningbo, Quxian, Changde, Zhejiang and Jiangxi areas and created a large area of man-made plague epidemic zone, causing the unnatural death of tens of thousands of peaceful residents.

8.TheCoalIndustry’sResponsetoCoalShortageinPeipingduringtheOccupation

WeiPo(80)

The colonial plunder of Japan led to substantial reductions in coal sources, transportation and production in Peiping, which brought a serious coal shortage and a competition between the Japanese puppet government authorities and the coal industry in terms of the price limit. The authorities forced the coal industry to implement limited price, however, the coal industry repeatedly stated their difficulties and appealed for price-raising, they sometimes also violated the limited price, transferred costs to each other and speculated for profits. In the later period of the occupation, the merciless plunder of Japan caused the open resistance from the coal industry by reporting to the puppet government about the Japanese colonial plunder, cancelling contracts and operating independently against the Japanese rule. The responses of the coal industry reflected the irreconcilable contradictions between the business operation and the colonial plunder of Japan, and it was hard to maintain the colonial economy.

9.TheConscriptionMechanismintheEarlyDaysoftheTaihangBaseofResistanceagainstJapan—StudiesonYusheCountyasanexample

YueQianhouLiRuifeng(88)

During the total war of resistance against Japan, Taihang Base was one of the CPC’s important bases behind enemy lines in North China, and was also the base of “Army Service Station” for the Eighth Route Army in its continued resistance in North China. Recruiting soldiers has become the priority in the severe war environment to consolidate the base of resistance and continue the fight against the enemy. Based on the experiences about the army expansion, CPC began to combine the recrument with the mass campaign of rent reductions, settlements of debts and rural anti-hegemony struggles. Through the extensive mobilization of the masses, some ideological problems in the masses and cadres’ were resolved, and a mobilization system came into being with the mass line being the guideline, supported by the organizations within and outside the party and the system of preferencial treatment of the family of the recruits . The public consciousness of joining the army of resistance against Japan had also been increased. Despite some negative phenomena in this mobilization, it was no doubt that people in the base of resistance had become a reserve force to support the armed struggle of the CPC and their construction of the base of resistance against Japan.

10.TheFormationoftheSlogan“DownwiththeJapaneseImperialism”inModernChina

GeJingbo(99)

The slogan “Down with the Japanese imperialism” played an important role in the development of nationalism in modern China. In late Qing Dynasty, imperialism as a concept was introduced into China from Japan, Chinese people therefore began to understand the relevant concept about modern imperialism. Some intellectuals admired the Japanese approach to imperialism from the perspective of practices in Japan, while more and more people in Chinese intelligentsia began to reflect on the aggression of imperialism and initiated some ideas of anti-imperialism. Before and after WWI, Japan’s image had collapsed in China due to issues such as “Twenty-one Demands”, “Sending Troops to Shandong” and so on. The “Japanese imperialism” had become a synonym to describe the nature of the Japanese aggression and expansion. During the National Revolution, the slogan “Down with the Japanese Imperialism” had become a crucial part of the anti-imperialism revolution campaign, but its targets as well as its importance were still overshadowed by the connotation of “Down with the Imperialism”. After the Jinan Massacre of 1928, Sino-Japanese confrontation became the focus of China’s external conflict , and “Down with the Japanese Imperialism” gradually became the supreme goal of China’s national revolution.

11.MaZhanshan’sImageConstructionof“ResistanceagainstJapan”andtheMobilizationofResistanceaftertheMukdenIncident

QinQin(110)

After the Mukden Incident, Ma Zhanshan was the first to resist Japanese invasion under the banner of righteousness with the Battle of Jiangqiao as a symbol of the Chinese local resistance against Japan and he himself was also regarded as the national hero by people from all walks of life. However, Ma soon had to surrender to the Japanese because of fighting alone , which triggered the public outcry and also aroused the public enthusiasm for the resistance against Japan. Ma eventually announced to be against Japan again and the society also basically recognized his social status as a national hero. His image had a sharp contrast in a short time due to his complicated activities during the resistance against Japan. The public opinions about Ma Zhanshan also experienced twists and turns, and the news reports about Ma Zhanshan and his image construction played a role in terms of denouncing the Japanese invasion, calling on the government for the resistance, mobilizing the public and nurturing the national spirit, which served as the realistic symbol of mobilization for the resistance under the background of national crisis.

12.TheInitialOrganizationandOperationoftheWartimePoliticalDepartmentoftheMilitaryCommitteeoftheNationalistGovernment

GuoYang(119)

The Political Department of the Military Committee was the result of the wartime system which was responsible for the political work of the KMT army during the total war of resistance. Its organization and construction was highly valued by Chiang Kai-shek. The Political Department had established a top-down organizational system covering the military units at all levels. Under the leadership of Chen Cheng, this department carried out a quite effective work in the early stage of its operation. However, problems such as the personnel entanglement and financial difficulties gradually emerged. To review those problems, the department held meetings on political work and reformed the department. Unfortunately, the difficulties and challenges it encountered later during its operation became even more severe.

13.“WarandPeace”:Symposiumon“theStudiesoftheJapaneseInvasionofChinaandNanjingMassacrefromthePerspectiveofBuildingaCommunityofSharedFutureforMankind”

ZhangGuosongTongXiao(128)