局部枸橼酸抗凝治疗脓毒症急性肾损伤的效果及安全性
2019-09-25孟启勇孙志成罗刚李立青刘初铭黄志敏欧彩虹
孟启勇 孙志成 罗 刚 李立青 刘初铭 黄志敏 欧彩虹
[摘要]目的 探討局部枸橼酸抗凝治疗脓毒症急性肾损伤(AKI)的效果及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月~2018年9月我院重症医学科收治的58例脓毒症AKI患者的临床资料,根据抗凝方式不同将其分为观察组(28例)与对照组(30例)。观察组患者采用局部枸橼酸抗凝治疗,对照组患者采用常规肝素抗凝治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后的肌酐(Cr)、尿氮素(BUN)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、血小板计数(PLT)、血红蛋白(Hb)、活化部分凝血时间(APTT)及总胆红素(TBIL),观察两组患者的不良事件发生情况,记录两组患者的血栓弹力图(TEG)检查结果。结果 两组患者治疗前的Cr、BUN及CK-MB水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者治疗后的Cr、BUN及CK-MB水平均显著低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后的Cr、BUN及CK-MB水平均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者治疗后的Hb、TBIL水平均低于对照组,APTT短于对照组,PLT水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者的皮肤瘀斑、穿刺部位渗血、伤口局部渗血及血尿发生率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者的R时间显著短于对照组,两侧曲线的最宽距离(MA)高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 局部枸橼酸抗凝对脓毒症AKI患者的凝血功能影响较肝素小,其血液净化效果显著优于肝素抗凝,能够有效降低出血事件发生率。
[关键词]枸橼酸;脓毒症急性肾损伤;抗凝;安全性
[中图分类号] R692 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)7(c)-0063-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect and safety of local Citric Acid anticoagulation in the treatment of septic acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods The clinical data of 58 patients with septic AKI admitted to our department of intensive medicine from January 2016 to September 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. According to different anticoagulation methods, they were divided into observation group (28 cases) and control group (30 cases). Patients in the observation group were treated with local Citric Acid anticoagulation, and patients in the control group were treated with conventional Heparin anticoagulation. The creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), platelet count (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and total bilirubin (TBIL) before and after treatment in the two groups were compared. The incidence of adverse events was observed in the two groups, and the results of thromboelastogram (TEG) examinations were recorded in the two groups. Results There were no significant differences in the levels of Cr, BUN and CK-MB between the two groups before treatment (P>0.05). The levels of Cr, BUN and CK-MB in the two groups after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The levels of Cr, BUN and CK-MB in the observation group after treatment were significantly lower than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The levels of Hb and TBIL in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, the APTT was shorter than that in the control group, and the PLT level was higher than that in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The incidence rates of skin ecchymosis, penetration at the puncture site, local penetration of the wound and hematuria in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The R time of the observation group was significantly shorter than that of the control group, the widest distance of the curves on both sides (MA) was higher than that of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Local Citric Acid anticoagulation has less effect on coagulation function in patients with septic AKI than that of Heparin, and its blood purification effect is significantly better than that of Heparin anticoagulation, which can effectively reduce the incidence of bleeding events.
[Key words] Citric Acid; Septic acute kidney injury; Anticoagulation; Safety
脓毒症急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)是重症监护病房内常见的危急重症之一,是临床上因脓毒症导致的AKI。AKI起病急、进展快,死亡率高达70%以上,因此早期的临床干预十分重要[1]。目前,连续性肾脏替代治疗(continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT)是治療脓毒症AKI的主要方法,但在治疗过程中采用抗凝剂对体外循环凝血作用进行抑制。采用肝素进行全身抗凝是CRRT治疗中最常见的抗凝剂,但其副作用也难以为临床接受。随着临床科学技术的不断提升,枸橼酸局部使用逐步应用于临床治疗,其抗凝效果及安全性评价是用于替代肝素作为抗凝剂的研究重点[2-3]。本研究回顾性分析我院重症医学科收治的58例脓毒症AKI患者的临床资料,旨在探讨局部枸橼酸抗凝治疗脓毒症AKI的效果及安全性,现报道如下。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
回顾性分析2016年1月~2018年9月我院重症医学科收治的58例脓毒症AKI患者的临床资料,根据抗凝方式不同将其分为观察组(28例)与对照组(30例)。观察组中,男16例,女12例;年龄60~80岁,平均(69.21±9.65)岁;平均急性生理与慢性健康(APACHEⅡ)评分(20.00±3.00)分。对照组中,男18例,女12例;年龄60~79岁,平均(70.01±10.03)岁;平均APACHEⅡ评分(19.00±4.00)分。两组患者的一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。本研究经医院医学伦理委员会审核批准。
1.2纳入及排除标准
1.2.1纳入标准 ①符合欧洲危重医学会(ESICM)、国际脓毒血症基金会(ISF)联合美国重症监护医学会(SCCM)对脓毒症的诊断标准及国际改善全球肾脏病预后组织(KDIGO)的AKI指南诊断标准[4-5];②年龄在60岁以上;③确诊或高度疑似感染,具有感染临床特征,血常规结果支持炎症反应;④无心肾肝脏器器质性功能障碍。
1.2.2排除标准 ①不符合脓毒症及AKI诊断标准;②合并严重肝肾功能损伤;③患有不可逆性低氧血症;④存在难以纠正的休克反应;⑤治疗期间出现低血压、低血容量且无法进行纠正的患者。
1.3方法
1.3.1治疗前处置方法 采用连续性静脉血液过滤(CVVH)模式,通过股静脉或颈内静脉置入临时血管通路,采用肝素盐水(6250 U/500 ml)进行预冲,完成后使血路自循环2 h或静置,通路无漏气及渗漏。采用Aquarias血滤机,流速为150~180 ml/min,滤器前置换35 ml/(kg·h),滤速随患者情况而定。
1.3.2观察组方法 观察组患者采用局部枸橼酸体外循环动脉端输入,枸橼酸钠抗凝剂(四川南格尔生物科技有限公司,国药准字H20058913,规格:180 ml:7.2 g),输入速率为160 ml/h,置换液为3000 ml 0.9%生理盐水,5% NaHCO3 175 ml,5%葡萄糖注射液250 ml,灭菌注射用水500 ml,25%硫酸镁溶液1.5 ml,10%氯化钾注射液7.5 ml(适当增减);外周静脉葡萄糖酸钙注射液25 ml输入,枸橼酸输入速率随游离钙水平调整。单次疗程不超过18 h,3次/周。
1.3.3对照组方法 对照组患者采用肝素抗凝治疗,肝素钠注射液(江苏万邦生化医药股份有限公司,国药准字H32023409,规格:2 ml:12 500 U),首次剂量1000~5000 U,3~15 U/(kg·h)维持剂量。疗程同观察组。
1.4观察指标
比较两组患者治疗前后的血液净化效果指标[外周血肌酐(Cr)、尿氮素(BUN)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)]、抗凝安全性指标[血小板计数(PLT)、血红蛋白(Hb)、活化部分凝血时间(APTT)及总胆红素(TBIL)],观察两组患者的不良事件(出血、皮肤瘀斑、穿刺部位渗血、伤口局部渗血及血尿等)发生情况,记录两组患者的血栓弹力图(TEG)检查结果,包括R时间、两侧曲线的最宽距离(MA)。
1.5统计学方法
采用SPSS 18.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料采用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1两组患者治疗前后血液净化效果的比较
两组患者治疗前的Cr、BUN及CK-MB水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者治疗后的Cr、BUN及CK-MB水平均显著低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后的Cr、BUN及CK-MB水平均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2两组患者治疗前后抗凝安全性指标的比较
两组患者治疗前的Hb、APTT、TBIL、PLT比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者治疗后的Hb、TBIL水平均低于治疗前,APTT长于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组患者治疗前后的Hb、TBIL比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组患者治疗后的APTT长于治疗前,PLT水平低于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后的Hb、TBIL水平均低于对照组,APTT短于对照组,PLT水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表2)。