定语从句难点攻略
2019-09-10何小茹
从多年英语教学的时间来看,困扰学生英语阅读的是学生对句子结构的误解与误判,以至于分不清句子的主干所表达的确切含义。在各个复合句子中,错误最多、学生容易误解的就是定语从句,而英语教科书中对定语从句的讲解非常有限,先是文字解释,接着又是倒句,学生看起来也觉得枯燥无味,而参考书中却是一大堆理论解释。因此,笔者试图从另一个角度来图解定语从句。
对一些重点内容用歌诀的方式,提高学生学习定语从句的兴趣,以增强记忆效果,使他们从显而易懂的角度对定语从句有一个全面的、整体的理解。
一、定语从句家族成员概况
先行词(antecedent);被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
關系词(relative);a关系代词(relative pronoun)b:关系副词(relative adverb)。
限制性定语从句(the restrictive attributive clause):先行词与主句关系密切,不可与主句分开,也不可省略,如果省略,则句意不明。
1. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at school?
非限制性定语从句(the non-restrictive attributive clause):从句与主句关系不太密切,往往用逗号与主句分开,省略之后对整个句子影响不大。
2. Mr zhang,who come to see me yesterday is an old friend of my father’s.
隔离式定语从句(isolated attributive clause):用其他词把定语从句的先行词和关系词隔离开的定语从句。
1. The word form the headmasture’s office that we will have a short holiday has been passed all the school.
2. The days has forever gone when China fell behind other countries in military.
二、定语从句结构
先行词+从句。
翻译方式:从句内容+“的”+先行词词意。
The plane (先行词)that/which(关系词) is made in China is(从句) the most advanced in the word.
译:“中国制造的飞机是世界上最先进的。”
主干成分:The plane is the most advanced in the word.
修饰成分即定语从句:the plane that/which is made in China.
记忆歌诀:定语本是修饰语;从句与它一般同;先系从句三部分;记住不会由差错。
三、学习理解方式
a.单句组合法。
b.复合句拆解还原法。
这两种方法有利于学生从感性认识上升到理性思维,从个别案例的理解上升到一般规律性的认识,其做法如下:
1.单句组合法:把两个或两个以上的带有定语从句的主从复合句组合成一个句子,从所给的句子中确定主要信息句与次要信息句,即准定语从句:两个句子中指同一概念的名词或代词确定为定语从句的先行词,后根据定语从句的总体结构把两个句子连成一个带有定从语句的复合句,并且用不同的颜色标示出句子当中的“先行词,关系词,定语从句,”
例如:
a:The book was very interesting
b.We read it last December.
A句为主要信息句,b句为次要信息句,即准定语从句,两句中同一概念的词为the book/it (指the book)确定为定语从句的先行词,两句合成一个带有定语从句的先行词为:
The book that/which we read last December was very intererting.
a:Thank you for the help.
b:you give me the help.
复合句分析:Thank you for the help that you give me.
2.复合句分解还原法。还原法就是通过寻找复合句中的主要次要信息句来进一步认识定语从句及关系词在定语从句中的使用。
The woman has spoke at the meeting was Mrs Jones
主要信息句:The woman was Mrs Jones
先行词The woman 是表示人的名词,在定语从句中作主语,故用关系代词who或that。
Who was that gray-haired old man (whom) we saw at yesterday’s meeting.
主要信息句:Who was that gray-haired old man?
次要信息句:We saw at yesterday’s meeting.
先行词:that gray-haired old man是表示人的名词在定语从句中作宾语,关系代词的使用有下列三种情况:
(1)用when;(2)用that;(3)省略
记忆歌诀:分局连句三要素;主句分句要分明;先行一次从句中;所做成分定关系。
四、定语从句中关系词的确定
定语从句中关系词的确定要检测学生是否准确地掌握定语从句的重要手段,也是很多学生在学习定语从句时感到最为棘手的问题,要搞清楚定语从句中关系词的选择其实并不难,我们只要讲清楚定语从句关系词与先行词在定语从句中具有同等功能。
定语从句的关系词的确定实际上就是根据定语从句中的先行词的类型以及在定语从句中所做成分来确定的,具体见下表:
从句
关系代词 用于限制性和非限制性定语从句 只用于限制性定语从句
指人 指物
主格 Who Which That
宾格 Who(m)
属格 Whose/of whom Whose/of which whose
关系代词:who,whose,whom,which,that
当定语从句中的先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时,使用关系代词当定语从句。
a:先行词是表示人的名词或代词,that或who
b:先行词是表示物的名词或代词,that或which
c:先行词是表示人或事物的名词或代词,在定语从句中作定语,whose
记忆歌诀:先行词有类型;定从之中作成分;主、宾、表、定四大类;对应不同关系词。
Who/whom/whose常指人,that/which表事物定从之中作宾语,口语省略关键词,that一词不寻常,指人指物皆担当
例句如下:Who was the man that just spoke to you?
The building that stands on the left is maseum.
There are the most magnificent building.
d:只能使用that不能使用其他关系代词的定语从句.
(1)当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,fece,none,everything,something,anything,nothing,the one of
Dou you have anything that you want to say for youself.
You should hand in all that you have
(2)当先行词被the only,the very,the just等词修饰时,用that
This is the very dictionary (that)I went to buy.
Mr Smith is the only preigner (that)he knows.
(3)当先行词里既表人又有表示物时,用that
I still remember the people and thing that I was familiar with at school.
(4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,用that
1.The first plane that they visited to Guilin was Elephant Trank Hill.
2.This is the best film that I have ever seen.
记忆歌诀:that用作关系式,下列情况要牢记;不定代词有十位,全部多少不统一;某些任何与一切,全部否定用the one。先行词表人表事物,恰是唯一修饰语;
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词,引导定语从句的关系词在定语从句中作副词能够充当的成分,即关系副词在定语从句作状语,也就是说当先行词是a:表示地点的名词介词+which,在定语从句中作地点状语时使用where引导定语从句;b:表示原因的名词或介词+which在从句中作原因状语.c:表示时间的名词或介词+which,使用when引导定语从句
1.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing
2.Can you tell me the office where he works?
3.Do you know the reason why he is absent?
記忆歌诀:多词功能副词用,从匆之中作状语;时间地点与原因,对应when,where与why,介词+which引定从,功能与上一般同。
以上是本人在教学中研得所悟,错误纰漏之处在所难免,敬请读者批评指正。
【作者简介】何小茹(1966.09-),女,甘肃天水人,天水市天水郡小学,大专,中小学一级教师,研究方向:小学英语。