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水合氯醛联合咪达唑仑在儿童腰穿术中的镇静效果观察

2019-08-13何小城伍咏瑶彭盛何昀罗威耀刘志刚

中国医学创新 2019年8期
关键词:镇静咪达唑仑

何小城 伍咏瑶 彭盛 何昀 罗威耀 刘志刚

【摘要】 目的:研究水合氯醛聯合咪达唑仑在小儿腰穿术中的镇静效果。方法:选取2017年1-12月佛山市妇幼保健院儿科246例行腰椎穿刺术的患儿,随机均分为三组,对照A组术前给予10%水合氯醛0.5 mL/kg口服,对照B组术前静注咪达唑仑0.2~0.3 mg/kg,观察组术前先予以10%水合氯醛0.5 mg/kg口服,30 min后静注咪达唑仑0.2~0.3 mg/kg,术中三组均用麻醉药物利多卡因进行皮肤局部浸润麻醉后进针。观察三组患儿的血氧饱和度、呛咳、憋气、喉痉挛、呼吸抑制情况和患儿苏醒后的镇定情况,评价药物镇静镇痛效果及穿刺成功率。结果:观察组呛咳、憋气、喉痉挛情况均明显优于对照A、B组(P<0.05);对照A组患儿苏醒后的镇定情况显著低于对照B组和观察组(P<0.05);三组血氧饱和度、呼吸抑制比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组镇静总有效率显著高于对照A、B组,制动效果与穿刺成功率均优于对照A、B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:水合氯醛联合咪达唑仑应用于临床小儿腰穿术中的镇静镇痛效果显著,可提高穿刺成功率,具有推广的价值。

【关键词】 水合氯醛; 咪达唑仑; 儿童腰椎穿刺术; 镇静

【Abstract】 Objective:To study the sedative effects of Chloral Hydrate combined with Midazolam in lumbar puncture of children.Method:A total of 246 cases who underwent lumbar puncture in Pediatric Department of Foshan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital from January to December 2017 were selected,they were randomly divided into three groups,the control group A was given 0.5 mL/kg of 10% Chloral Hydrate before operation,the control group B was pushed intravenous injection Midazolam 0.2-0.3 mg/kg before operation,before operation the observation group was given 10% Chloral Hydrate 0.5 mg/kg,oral,after 30 min pushed intravenous injection of 0.2-0.3 mg/kg of Midazolam.Three groups were administered by the anesthetic drug Lidocaine to get a partial injection of the skin to the epitope.The blood oxygen saturation,cough,choking,laryngeal spasm,respiratory depression and the state of composure after resuscitation of three groups were observed,the sedative and analgesic effects and the success rate of puncture were evaluated.Result:The cough,choking and laryngeal spasm of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group A and control group B(P<0.05).The calmness after resuscitation in the control group A was significantly lower than those of the control group B and the observation group(P<0.05).There were no differences among three groups in oxygen saturation and respiratory depression(P>0.05).The total sedation efficiency of the observation group was higher than those of the control group A and B(P<0.05).The braking effect and puncture success rate of the observation group were better than those of the control group A and B(P<0.05).Conclusion:Chloral Hydrate combined with Midazolam have a significant effect on sedation and analgesic in lumbar puncture of children,and can improve the success rate of puncture,it has a value of promoting it.

【Key words】 Chloral hydrate; Midazolam; Lumbar puncture in children; Sedation

First-authors address:Southern Medical University Affiliated Foshan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital,Foshan 528000,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.08.040

小兒腰椎穿刺术(LP)是神经内科常用的诊疗操作之一,是指用腰穿针从腰椎间隙穿入腰池,测定脑脊液压力,收集脑脊液进行临床检测并诊断疾病的技术[1]。但是反复多次的腰椎穿刺带来的疼痛,导致患儿恐惧情绪甚至拒绝配合治疗[2],因此腰穿术中对患儿镇静镇痛的环节渐被患儿家长及医务人员重视。水合氯醛作为常用催眠药、抗惊厥药[3],儿童在口服给药或灌肠给药10~30 min后起镇静催眠作用,快速起效使患儿入眠,且醒后无不适感[4];咪达唑仑是一种苯二氮类中枢神经抑制药,在术前通过静脉推注给药,起效迅速,用药2~5 min后镇静效果达到峰效应,可维持效果45~60 min[5-6]。两种药物因起效快、安全性高等优点现广泛应用于儿童术前镇静[7]。单用水合氯醛时,大剂量使用可能会引起昏迷,抑制延髓呼吸及血管运动中枢,导致患儿死亡[8];咪达唑仑则在儿童术后恢复存在苏醒延迟的问题,术后可有消极行为发生[9]。为探析水合氯醛联合咪达唑仑在小儿腰穿术中的镇静镇定效果,此次研究就本院收治的246例行腰椎穿刺术的患儿进行相关研究,现报告如下。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 选取2017年1-12月佛山市妇幼保健院儿科246例行LP术的患儿为研究对象,年龄8个月~5.1岁,平均(3.52±1.54)岁,男131例,女115例,平均体重为(15.52±3.54)kg。纳入标准:存在LP指征,需行LP术来明确诊断或治疗的患儿。排除标准:严重的呼吸系统及循环系统疾病,肝肾功能障碍者;病情危重或败血症及穿刺部位的皮肤、组织或脊柱有感染;严重的颅脑病变或脊柱外伤病变;潜在过敏可能性的患儿。将其随机均分为三组,对照A组、对照B组和观察组,每组82例。经医学伦理会同意,患儿家属知情了解,并签署同意书。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 药物与仪器 10%水合氯醛100 mL︰10 g,南方医科大学南方医院配置,批准文号:粤药制字H07022737,术前30 min按体重0.5 mL/kg服用,一次最大限量为1 g。咪达唑仑1 mL︰5 mg,生产厂家:江苏恩华药业股份有限公司,国药准字号H19990027,术前1 min按体重静脉推注0.2~0.3 mg/kg,且时间大于30 s。2%盐酸利多卡因5 mL︰0.1 g,生产厂家:中国大冢制药有限公司,批号:国药准字H20065387,术中局麻一次给药总量不超过4.0~4.5 mg/kg。心电监护仪(PHILIPS GS20),上海飞利浦公司生产。

1.2.2 操作 所有患儿均接受常规儿童腰穿术检查,对照A组术前30 min给予10%水合氯醛0.5 mL/kg口服;对照B组术前1 min静注咪达唑仑0.2~0.3 mg/kg;观察组术前30 min先予以10%水合氯醛0.5 mg/kg口服,术前1 min静注0.2~0.3 mg/kg的咪达唑仑,均取弯腰侧卧位,使用2%利多卡因局部麻醉后,以7号腰穿针(规格0.7 mm×90 mm)执行穿刺操作,严格遵循操作原则,患儿穿刺可在腰椎第3~4间隙进行,约在两侧髂后上棘的连线与后正中线的相交处。4岁以下的儿童,则选腰椎4~5棘突间隙做穿刺点,以防伤及脊髓。儿童进针深度为2~4 cm。术中测压,并用无菌操作法收集脑脊液2~5 mL送检常规生化、三大染色及细菌培养。术后患儿去枕俯卧或平卧4~6 h[10],以免引起术后低颅压头痛。

1.3 观察指标

1.3.1 通过心电监护仪实时监测LP术前、术中、术后患儿血氧饱和度,观察并记录术中呛咳、憋气、喉痉挛、呼吸抑制及苏醒后镇定等情况,患儿手术苏醒后镇定情况是指患儿镇定、不焦虑烦躁、不哭闹、对药物作用期间所发生的事情遗忘等[8]。

1.3.2 穿刺成功率 比较并计算三组穿刺成功率,穿刺成功率=(一次穿刺成功例数+多次穿刺成功例数)/总例数×100%。

1.4 镇静镇痛标准判断 采用Ramsay分级评估镇静,1分为不安、烦躁;2分为安静合作;3分为嗜睡,听从指令;4分为嗜睡,但可唤醒;5分为睡眠状态,呼吸反应迟钝;6分为深睡状态,无任何反应[11]。其中2~4分镇静效果最好,可行LP术。采用Flacc量表评估镇痛,0分为不痛,1~3分为轻度疼痛,4~6分为中度疼痛,7~9分为重度疼痛,10分为剧烈疼痛[12]。镇静镇痛划分标准,无效:Ramsay评分为1分,FLACC评分为10分;显效:Ramsay评分为2~4分,FLACC评分为7~9分;好转:Ramsay评分为5分,FLACC评分为4~6分;完全起效:Ramsay评分为6分,FLACC评分为0~3分。镇静镇痛总有效=完全起效+好转+显效。

1.5 统计学处理 采用SPSS 21.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用F检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 三组一般资料比较 对照A组,男46例,女36例,平均年龄(3.78±0.94)岁,平均体重(16.44±3.06)kg;对照B组,男41例,女41例,平均年龄(3.44±1.64)岁,平均体重(15.68±3.37)kg;观察组,男44例,女38例,平均年龄(3.02±1.94)岁,平均体重(15.02±3.84)kg。三组年龄、性别、体重比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。

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(收稿日期:2018-12-26) (本文编辑:程旭然)

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