HBx在乙肝相关肝细胞癌中的分子机制研究进展
2019-06-09张天奇龙喜带
张天奇 龙喜带
【摘要】 原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是诱发HCC的重要因素,HBV诱发的HCC与乙型肝炎病毒X(HBx)基因及其编码蛋白密切相关,其核心机制为HBV感染肝细胞时将HBx整合入宿主细胞核所导致的肝细胞基因组结构变异,并诱导肝细胞癌变。该综述从HCC发生及发展等过程来探讨HBx在HBV相关性HCC中的分子机制。
【关键词】 肝细胞癌;乙型肝炎病毒;乙型肝炎病毒X基因
中图分类号:R735.7 文献标志码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2019.03.001
【Abstract】 Primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world.Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection plays a major role in inducing HCC.HBV-induced HCC is closely related to hepatitis B virus X (HBx) gene and its encoded protein.The central mechanism is the integration of HBx gene into the host cell nucleus when HBV infects liver cells,which results in cellular genomic structural variation and carcinogenesis of liver cells.This review discusses the molecular mechanism of HBx in HBV-related HCC from the process of occurrence and progression of HCC.
【Key words】 HCC;HBV;HBx gene
原发性肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率居所有癌症的第5位,病死率居所有癌症的第2位。在已知的病因中,乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)慢性感染约占50%[1]。尽管HBV相关性HCC的发病机制尚未完全阐明,但有证据表明乙型肝炎病毒X基因(hepatitis B virus X,HBx)及其编码蛋白在HCC的发生发展中发挥重要作用[2],我们将就HBx在HBV相关性HCC演进中的作用及相关机制进行综述。
1 HBx基因与表达
HBV基因组是部分环状双链DNA,链长约3200个碱基,含四个开放阅读框(Open reading frame,ORF),即S、C、P和X[3]。HBx是HBV的四个部分重叠的ORF中最小的基因,包含455个核苷酸,位于HBV基因组的第1374~1838位核苷酸,所编码的产物HBx蛋白是由154个氨基酸组成,分子量约为17 kDa的多功能非结构蛋白[3~4]。由于人类基因组中未能显示与该已知蛋白质的同源性氨基酸序列,故命名为X(即“未知”)蛋白。
2 HBx与HCC发生、发展的关系
HBx在嗜肝病毒的哺乳动物肝细胞中呈现高度保守,通常在慢性HBV携带者的肝细胞中易于发现[5]。近年来的研究表明:HBx在HBV相关性HCC的发生发展中扮演重要角色。在HBV阳性肝细胞中,HBx主要定位于细胞核,HBx蛋白是HBV cccDNA转录所必需的并通过多种途径增强HBV复制[6]。除外HBx主要作为转录激活因子在HCC发展中发挥作用,还通过作用于p53、TNF、转化生长因子等调节细胞凋亡[7];HBx可干扰细胞周期进程,阻断G1/S转换,导致细胞异常死亡,并伴随着严重的脂肪蓄积和受损的糖原储存[8]。此外,HBx通過表观遗传学修饰、基因突变、基因损伤与修复、自噬等影响HCC的发生发展。HBx的这些作用可能导致肝细胞丧失对自身生物学行为的调控,进而发生恶性转化和形成HCC。
3 HBx诱导HCC的分子机制
3.1 HBx和非编码RNA
分子生物学中基因调控主要集中在中心法则上。然而,约98%的人类基因组被转录成非编码RNA(ncRNA)[9]。HBx和ncRNA之间的相互作用在HCC发展中作用显著。
3.1.1 HBx和miRNA
微小RNA(Micro RNA,miRNA)是长20~25个核苷酸的具有基因调控功能的单链非编码RNA[9]。多种miRNA在HBV相关性HCC发生发展中起重要作用,其中HBx通过激活NF-κB/EGR1信号通路,下调miR-3928v以及抑癌基因VDAC3,从而加速HCC的进展[10]。此外,miRNA-15b以岩藻糖基转移酶2和癌症相关糖类抗原Globo-H为靶标来抑制肝癌细胞的增殖,而HBx通过抑制miRNA-15b的表达而对HCC起到促进作用[11]。
3.1.2 HBx和lncRNA
长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是长度大于200个核苷酸的非编码RNA,具有调节染色体修复、转录后修饰及基因组印迹等功能[9]。lncRNA DREH在体内外起到抑制细胞增殖和迁移的作用,而HBx能够下调DREH的表达,从而促进体内外HCC细胞的增殖[12]。另外,在HCC中lncRNA MALAT1的表达水平与HBx呈正相关,进一步研究证实,HBx通过上调MALAT1的表达而促进体内外肝癌细胞的侵袭和迁移[13]。
3.2 HBx和表观遗传学修饰
表观遗传学(epigenomics)修饰是指非基因序列改变所致基因表达水平变化,如DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质构象变化等[14]。DNA甲基化是HCC发展过程中早期和普遍存在的事件。DNA甲基化指的是通过甲基转移酶(DNMT)在CpG二核苷酸的胞嘧啶上接受甲基形成5-甲基胞嘧啶的过程。DNA甲基化通过构象改变影响DNA与蛋白质之间的相互作用[15]。HBx通过直接抑制DNMT启动子诱导宿主基因中的CpG岛异常甲基化而参与肿瘤的发生[16]。此外,HBx可以通过反式激活上调DNMT3A和DNMT3B的表达[15]。最近有研究指出,在HBV相关性HCC中,HBx通过组蛋白乙酰化使Delta-like 3(DLL3)沉默,从而影响细胞凋亡进程[17]。
3.3 HBx及相关信号通路
在肝细胞内,HBx低表达时主要分布在细胞核,高表达时多聚集在胞浆,HBx不具有直接结合DNA的能力,但可通过蛋白间相互作用发挥其反式转录活性[18]。
3.3.1 HBx和JAK-STAT信号通路
JAK-STAT信号通路是由细胞因子刺激的信号转导通路,STAT为JAK的底物。已经证实,STAT3在HBV相关性HCC中高表达,目前认为HBx激活JAK-STAT通路的机制主要有:HBx与JAK1-酪氨酸激酶相互作用;HBx二聚化诱导的JAK交叉磷酸化和自激活;HBx激活Src激酶等[19~20]。另外有学者指出HBx通过与线粒体的关联诱导氧化应激并激活STAT3[21],进一步研究表明HBx通过激活STAT3促进肝细胞的上皮-间质转化[22]。
3.3.2 HBx与Notch信号通路
Notch是跨膜受体,其受体与邻近细胞中的配体相互作用后被激活[23]。研究表明HBx促进HCC中的miR-3188活化而激活HBx-miR-3188-ZHX2-Notch1信号通路,进而促进肝癌细胞的增殖和迁移[24]。Yang等[25]报道缺氧诱导因子-1α参与HCC中Notch的上调并与HBx共同激活Notch信号通路,同时Notch3的表达增加与HCC的血管转移密切相关。此外,Notch3在转录后水平调节p53,并与NF-κB、Wnt协同作用,诱导HCC的发生[26~27]。
3.3.3 HBx与凋亡信号通路
HBx本身不激活凋亡信号通路,但体内外研究证实:HBx诱导内质网应激CREBH信号通路,该信号通路调节AP-1,AP-1通过结合PPP2R5C启动子反式激活PPP2R5C,PPP2R5C的表达产物B56γ诱导细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡[3]。体外研究发现:HBx抑制胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白1的分泌,使毒胡萝卜素和星形孢菌素诱导的caspase-3/7活性降低,最终抑制肝癌细胞凋亡[28]。HBx通过多种机制调控细胞凋亡,包括使Fas/FasL、Bax/Bcl-2等信号通路功能失调,caspase家族表达水平的调节等[29~30]。有趣的是,在不同的研究中或不同细胞系中,HBx通过不同的凋亡通路分别对细胞凋亡起到促进和抑制作用,而这些机制多与线粒体关联,这也印证了内源性细胞色素C从线粒体释放的调节是细胞凋亡分子机理研究的关键问题。
3.4 HBx基因突变
特定基因的遗传改变是HCC进展中的关键事件,已经证实HCC患者的血清和肝组织中存在HBx的天然变异。现有研究报道最多的是HBx截短造成的缺失突变。HCC组织中HBx的C末端缺失较癌旁组织频发,与全长HBx相比,HBx缺失突变表现出许多不同特性:HBx缺失60AA后,HBx的致癌作用降低80%~90%;HBx抑制抑癌基因p53的表达,而N端和C端截短的HBx(61~124AA)下调p53表达的作用更强[31]。此外,HBx基因中的某些点突变,特别是K130M和V131I双突变导致HCC发生的风险增加4~5倍[32]。近年来许多研究证明了HBx基因突变通过影响蛋白质之间相互作用、转录反式激活、DNA修复、细胞信号传导等途径调控着HCC的细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、细胞周期和迁移等生物学进程。
3.5 HBx和基因修复
DNA修复系统可识别和修复损伤的DNA,对维持基因组完整性至关重要。在HCC细胞中,HBx通过影响DNA损伤相关基因的表达谱抑制DNA合成,从而诱导核酸代谢异常导致基因组不稳定,进一步研究发现HBx通过促使H2AX磷酸化诱导DNA损伤,与此同时,HBx诱导G2/M期阻滞而阻止基因修复,由DNA损伤激活的G2/M检查点在真核生物基因损伤修复中具有重要作用,DNA损伤时可以防止有丝分裂,为基因修复提供机会[33~34]。PARP1是DNA修复中的关键酶,内质网中的HBx通过调控eIF2α/ATF4途径抑制PARP1的表达并进而抑制基因修复和细胞凋亡[35]。此外,HBx还可以作用于胸腺嘧啶DNA糖基化酶[36]、转录因子TFIIH[37]等影响基因修复过程。
3.6 HBx和自噬
自噬是细胞将胞内蛋白、细胞器等物质递送至溶酶体降解并自我更新的过程。细胞自噬与肿瘤的关系尚未完全阐明。一方面,在HCC中HBx通過各种机制诱导细胞自噬及自噬体的形成:研究表明HBx和高迁移率族蛋白盒1之间的相互作用可以促进HCC自噬[38];Zhang等[39]报道HBx通过激活死亡相关蛋白激酶诱导自噬;Zhong等[40]认为JNK信号通路对HBx诱导的自噬至关重要。另一方面,HBV存活和复制需要自噬过程的参与,自噬的降解过程需要成熟溶酶体的参与,而HBx通过抑制溶酶体酸化阻碍溶酶体成熟,导致未成熟的溶酶体积聚并降低溶酶体的降解能力,最终抑制自噬降解[41]。目前而言,自噬在HCC进展过程中具有双重作用,而在靶向治疗过程中也被认为是一把双刃剑[42]。
4 小結与展望
HBV相关性HCC的发生发展一直被视为多因素过程,包括很多直接或间接可以协同作用的机制。HBx诱发HCC的确切机制仍不明朗,仍有待深入研究和阐明。当前的研究进展提示我们,从分子生物学层面阐明HBx基因和HBx蛋白可以进一步确切了解HBx在HCC中的作用,并为预防HBV相关性HCC和临床治疗HCC的新型治疗策略提供重要依据。
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(收稿日期:2018-12-18 修回日期:2019-01-19)
(編辑:潘明志)