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奥马珠单抗治疗难治性变应性哮喘效果的Meta分析

2019-05-28牟姗张薇江德鹏

中国医药导报 2019年10期
关键词:奥马恒定难治性

牟姗 张薇 江德鹏

[摘要] 目的 系統评价奥马珠单抗治疗难治性哮喘的效果。 方法 计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Library、ScienceDirect数据库,各数据库检索时间均从建库到2017年11月。由2名研究者进行文献筛选、资料提取及文献质量评价,采用RevMan 5.3进行Meta分析。 结果 共纳入12篇临床对照试验。在激素量恒定期和激素量减少期,奥马珠单抗较对照组可明显提高哮喘患者生活质量(RR = 1.56,95%CI:1.32~1.85,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.90,95%CI:1.45~2.49,P < 0.000 01),同时增加研究者对治疗效果总体评级为“优”或“良”的人数(RR = 1.36,95%CI:1.25~1.49,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.48,95%CI:1.36~1.61,P < 0.000 01)。奥马珠单抗可减少激素量恒定期难治性哮喘急性重度恶化风险(RR = 0.51,95%CI:0.41~0.64,P < 0.000 01)。 结论 在哮喘指南常规治疗基础上加用奥马珠单抗,可提高哮喘患者生活质量,改善症状,减少哮喘重度急性发作风险。

[关键词] 难治性哮喘;奥马珠单抗;Meta分析;哮喘生活质量问卷调查评分;研究者对治疗效果总体评级;急性重度恶化

[中图分类号] R562 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)04(a)-0075-06

Effectiveness of Omalizumab for patients with refractory allergic asthma: a Meta analysis of randomized controlled studies

MOU Shan ZHANG Wei JIANG Depeng

Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400000, China

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Omalizumab in patients with refractory allergic asthma. Methods The databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect were searched by computer, and the retrieval time of each database was from the database establishment to November 2017. Then 2 reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of included randomized controlled trials, and Meta-analyses were conducted with RevMan 5.3. Results A total of 12 clinical randomized controlled trials were included. Compared with placebo, Omalizumab treatment was associated with an improved asthma-related quality of life at the end of the stable (RR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.32-1.85, P < 0.000 01) and steroid dose reduction phases (RR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.45-2.49, P < 0.000 01). Meanwhile, compared with placebo, Omalizumab therapy showed a significantly increased number of patients with investigator global evaluation of therapy effective rated as excellent or good at the end of both phases (RR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.25-1.49, P < 0.000 01; RR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.36-1.61, P < 0.000 01). Besides, Omalizumab reduced the number of patients with severe exacerbations during stable-steroid phase (RR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.41-0.64, P < 0.000 01). Conclusion The addition of Omalizumab to standard therapy in patients with refractory allergic asthma can improve asthma related quality of life, relieve symptoms and reduce severe asthma exacerbations.

[Key words] Refractory allergic asthma; Omalizumab; Meta analysis; Questionnaire of asthma quality of life in adults; Investigator global evaluation of therapy effectiveness; Severe exacerbations

哮喘为世界上最常见的气道炎性疾病之一,大多数哮喘患者通过规范化治疗可达到临床控制目标,但仍有接近5%的患者经吸入中到高剂量糖皮质激素(ICS)联合长效β2受体激动剂(LABA)加减更多的症状控制性药物,仍未达到可控制水平,称为难治性哮喘。奥马珠单抗是一种重组人源化IgE单克隆抗体,可阻止循环IgE与高亲和力受体FcεRI结合[1]。奥马珠单抗可减少难治性哮喘患者吸入激素的剂量[2-4]。然而随着吸入激素剂量减少,奥马珠单抗对哮喘患者生活质量的影响仍存在争议,目前尚无Meta分析对此进行报道。此外,Normansel等[5]的Meta分析对ICS量恒定期研究者对治疗效果总体评级(investigator global evaluation of therapy effectiveness,IGETE)数据统计分析后出现中度异质性。另国内外尚无Meta分析纳入高质量RCT文献报道奥马珠单抗治疗对急性重度恶化风险的影响,因此本研究结合近年RCT研究将针对奥马珠单抗治疗难治性变应性哮喘生活质量、IGETE及急性重度恶化疗效性进行Meta分析。

1 资料与方法

1.1 纳入与排除标准

入选标准:①奥马珠单抗治疗中至重度难治性过敏性哮喘的RCT研究;②至少包括1项如下测量指标:急性重度发作、IGETE评级为“优”或“良”的人数、生活质量问卷调查(asthma quality of life questionnaire,AQLQ)。排除标准:①受试者入组前曾使用奥马珠单抗;②影响血清IgE水平升高的其他活动性肺疾病;③非变应性哮喘。

1.2 文献检索

通过对PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Libriary、ScienceDirect数据库进行检索,键入关键词,检索词包括omalizumab、anti-immunoglobulin E、anti-IgE antibody、Xolair和asthma。各数据库检索时间均从建库到2017年11月。

1.3 资料提取

采集纳入文章资料包括研究题目、研究持续时间、作者、样本量、年龄、哮喘严重程度、结局指标、干预措施。阅读全文后,由两名评价者独立进行资料提取。若遇分歧,两名评价者通过探讨达成一致。

1.4 统计学方法

利用RevMan 5.3软件对提取的数据进行定量统计分析。通过I2值检验异质性大小(25%~<50%为低;50%~<75%为中;≥75%为高)。当I2 < 50%,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析,否则应选择随机效应模型,并进一步分析异质性的可能原因。使用Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具对纳入研究进行质量评价。利用漏斗图观察是否存在发表偏倚。

2 结果

2.1 纳入研究的基本特点

根据纳入排除标准,经逐层筛选后,最终纳入12项RCT研究[2,3,6-15],共入选3971例患者,其中治疗组2180例,对照组1791例。详细文献筛选流程见图1。大多数研究需经历两个连续阶段:第一阶段为ICS量恒定期(16~24周),奥马珠单抗辅助用于难治性哮喘患者,同时ICS量保持恒定;第二阶段为ICS量减少期(12~28周),在该阶段,只有当患者症状满意控制后,才会减少糖皮质激素用量。在本文纳入研究中,7项[2-3,7,10-11,13,15]研究包括ICS量恒定期和ICS减量期,5项[6,8-9,12,14]研究ICS量一直保持恒定。纳入研究基本资料见表1。

2.2 纳入文献质量评价

利用Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具进行质量评价。整体来说,纳入的12篇文献偏倚风险是低的。其中选择性偏倚风险未知10篇[1-9,12],选择性偏倚低风险2篇[10-11]。所有研究执行偏倚、观察偏倚、失访偏倚、报道偏倚和其他偏倚风险均为低级别。纳入文献质量评价见图2。

2.3 Meta分析结果

急性重度惡化人数比例:3项[8-10]纳入研究报道了ICS量恒定期哮喘急性重度恶化人数比例,研究间无明显异质性(P = 0.57,I2 = 0%),统计分析结果显示奥马珠单抗较对照组显著减少哮喘急性重度恶化人数比例(RR = 0.51,95%CI:0.41~0.64,P < 0.000 01),见图3A。IGETE等级为“优”或“良”的人数:ICS量恒定期及减少期,分别4项[6,8,12,14]及5项[2-3,7,10-11]研究报道了IGETE评级为“优”或“良”的人数比例,其纳入研究间均无明显异质性(P = 0.45,I2 = 0%;P = 0.74,I2 = 0%),固定效应模型分析结果提示:在ICS量恒定期及减少期,奥马珠单抗较对照组显著增加IGETE评级为“优”或“良”的人数比例(RR = 1.36,95%CI:1.25~1.49,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.48,95%CI:1.36~1.61,P < 0.000 01),见图3B~C。

生活质量:ICS量恒定期及减少期,分别有5项[6-8,13,15]及3项[7,13,15]研究报道了AQLQ≥1.5的人数,其纳入研究间均无明显异质性(P = 0.72,I2 = 0%;P = 0.63,I2 = 0%),固定效应模型分析结果提示:在ICS量恒定期及减少期,奥马珠单抗组较对照组明显减少ICS量恒定期哮喘AQLQ≥1.5分人数比例(RR = 1.56,95%CI:1.32~1.85,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.90,95%CI:1.45~2.49,P < 0.000 01),见图3D~E。

2.4 发表偏倚

奥马珠单抗组难治性哮喘患者在ICS量减少期IGETE评级为“优”或“良”人数比例(图4)和ICS量恒定期AQLQ≥1.5的人数比较的漏斗图(图5)左右较为对称。因此,我们推测,纳入研究存在发表偏倚的可能性很小。

3 讨论

难治性哮喘发病机制复杂,症状难以控制。现已有许多研究及Meta分析报道了奥马珠单抗治疗难治性哮喘具有良好的安全性[16-18]。然而奧马珠单抗辅助治疗难治性哮喘,对于急性重度恶化风险、IGETE等级为“优”或“良”的人数和生活质量等方面的疗效尚缺乏足够的循证医学证据。近年出现一些关于奥马珠单抗治疗难治性哮喘效果新的报道,为我们探索奥马珠单抗的疗效提供了更多数据支持。

本Meta分析纳入研究将哮喘急性重度恶化定义为哮喘急性加重,并且FEV1小于个人最佳值的60%,需要全身使用激素才能控制病情。本研究显示奥马珠单抗较对照组可明显减少哮喘急性重度恶化风险。同样,近年来许多世界范围内的研究也证实了这一观点。一项德国研究观察发现,与治疗前比较,奥马珠单抗治疗1年后,哮喘患者急性重度恶化率减少了82.0%[19]。Menzella等[20]的研究发现奥马珠单抗治疗9年后仍可减少哮喘患者急性重度恶化风险和医疗资源使用,提高患者生活质量。Normansel等[5]的Meta分析将ICS量稳定期IGETE指标合并分析后出现中度异质性,进一步分析原因后,我们发现该研究将纳入的SOLAR(即Vignola等[6]2004)这篇文章的过敏性鼻炎IGETE错误统计为哮喘IGETE的数据[6]。本Meta分析纳入相关研究间无明显异质性,为奥马珠单抗能改善哮喘总体疗效这一观点提供了可靠的科学依据。Bousqutet等[21]的一项研究利用IGETE评估奥马珠单抗效果,该项研究发现绝大多数在16周对奥马珠单抗治疗有反应的患者在32周仍反应良好,符合临床指南推荐奥马珠单抗治疗至少使用12~16周需评估其有效性,以判断是否继续应用[22]。同时提示IGETE或许可作为评价奥马珠单抗治疗效果的可靠工具。另外,本研究首次发现与对照组比较,奥马珠单抗在ICS量减少期可明显改善哮喘患者生活质量。同样在ICS量恒定期亦得出类似结论。

本研究发现奥马珠单抗治疗哮喘总体上是有效的,然而在小部分患者中治疗效果不佳。此外,奥马珠单抗治疗疗程至少为3~6个月,治疗时间越长,花费相应增加。因此,近年来许多研究致力于发现有效标志物用于预测对奥马珠单抗治疗有效的哮喘亚组。据报道显示在Th2型炎症标志物升高(特别是血嗜酸性粒细胞[23]、血清骨膜蛋白[24-25]、FeNO[26]和血清总IgE水平[23])和较严重的哮喘[既往有哮喘急性加重病史、FEV1prep(%)<65%、曾因哮喘恶化急诊就诊或住院]的亚组中,奥马珠单抗可较为显著地发挥其临床疗效[23]。然而上述指标精确度有限,部分缺乏临床应用可行性。

本研究中纳入的12项研究均为RCT研究,漏斗图分析提示不存在明显的发表偏倚。但本研究仍存在以下缺陷:第一,由于纳入的各研究在治疗时间、哮喘严重程度、年龄、哮喘基础治疗等方面存在差异,因而可能对结局指标带来一定程度的偏倚;第二,所纳入研究使用奥马珠单抗时间为24~52周,因而本研究无法探讨奥马珠治疗难治性变应性哮喘长期效果。

综上所述,奥马珠单抗辅助治疗6~75岁中至重度难治性变应性哮喘患者总体上可显著减少急性重度发作风险,提高生活质量,缓解症状。但奥马珠单抗价格昂贵,治疗疗程长,而临床上仍存在少部分患者对其治疗效果反应不佳,因此未来需要更多高质量临床研究根据哮喘亚组分型探索有利于预测奥马珠单抗临床疗效的可靠指标。

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(收稿日期:2018-09-04 本文編辑:张瑜杰)

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